Drinking Age Lower It - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 962 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Lowering The Drinking Age Essay Did you like this example? After Prohibition, nearly all states adopted a minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one. Then, between 1970 and 1975, twenty-nine states lowered the MLDA to eighteen, nineteen, or twenty. Advocacy groups urged states to raise their MLDA to twenty-one. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drinking Age: Lower It" essay for you Create order Several did so in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but others did not. To encourage a national drinking age, Congress enacted the national MLDA. Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, establishing twenty-one as the minimum legal purchase age. Today, almost 72% of teens who drink get alcohol without having to pay for it. Although a substantial amount of Americans claim that persons under twenty-one do not yet have the physical or mental capacity to handle drinking responsibly, drinking age should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen due to the fact that persons at the age of eighteen are able to make important decisions and the prohibition of alcohol has been unsuccessful in the past sixteen plus years. Many Americans have argued the drinking age should either stay twenty-one or be raised due to the undeveloped prefrontal cortex. According to the National Center of Biotechnology Information, Cells that will produce the nervous system begin to form about three weeks after fertilization in humans, and cerebral maturation is not complete until an individual reaches his or her fourth decade of life. This means the prefrontal cortex, which is where the brain makes informed decisions, will not be fully grown until about forty years. Do American citizens want the MLDA to be forty? According to Health Magazine, Alcohol speeds up a neurotransmitter called glutamate, which is responsible for regulating dopamine in the brains reward center. In an underdeveloped brain, the neurotransmitter will react in a worse way causing the brains reward center to go insane. Ones judgment would be greatly impaired. Excessive alcohol consumption causes physical and mental impairment. Peoples under twenty-one will face major consequences in their persons. According to the U.S. Department of Health Human Services, there were about 189,000 emergency department visits by people under age twenty-one for injuries and other conditions linked to alcohol in 2010. Although this may pose a reason not to change to MLDA, studies done by the U.S. Department of Health Human Services show that the number of binge drinkers goes down significantly in nations where the MLDA is eighteen-twenty. Drinking by those below the age of twenty-one is also strongly linked with: death from alcohol poisoning and unintentional injuries, such as car crashes, falls, burns, and drowning. School performance problems, such as higher absenteeism and poor or failing grades, are linked with underage drinking in the U.S. This could be linked with the study that the number of binge drinkers goes up harshly with a higher MLDA. Citizens at the age of eighteen are able to get married, join the military, sign contracts, get tattoos, pay bills, and vote. These are all crucial and major decisions. Persons at the age of eighteen are able and encouraged to make adult or responsible decisions. According to the Conference of Local Bar Associations, at the age of eighteen your list of rights and responsibilities skyrockets from little to no legal responsibilities up to total responsibility for ones self. Citizens at the age of eighteen have the right to vote in national, state, and local elections, have the right to live independently from your parents and be free of their control, have the right to marry without your parents permission, have the right to enter into a contract, have the right to make a will, have the right to run for some elective offices, have the right to obtain medical treatment without the consent of your parents, have the right to apply for credit in your own name, have the right to work in al l types of jobs, and may enter military service without your parents permission. All of these important responsibilities but at eighteen a citizen cannot purchase or consume alcohol. The MLDA is eighteen-twenty in 116 countries. This list includes Australia, Canada, France, Greece, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These are more economically developed countries (MEDC) just like the U.S. Attempts of alcohol prohibition have failed harshly, causing teenagers to drink less often but more rigorously. According to ChooseResponsibility.org, 90% of the alcohol consumed by persons aged eighteen to twenty is consumed when the individual is engaged in an episode of heavy drinking. Especially when understood in terms of the effect of large quantities of alcohol on the developing brain, this is an alarming statistic. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, In 2017, about 7.4 million people aged twelve to twenty drank alcohol in the past month, including 4.5 million who were binge drinkers and 932,000 who were heavy drinkers. About three-fifths of underage current alcohol users, 60.7 percent, were binge drinkers, and about 1 in 8 were heavy drinkers, 12.5 percent. About one-fifth of underage binge drinkers, 20.6 percent were heavy drinkers. Prohibition is not effective and the age groups drop below eighteen and even twelve. In 2003, 29% of the underage citizen population who were current alcohol users. In 2016, 19.3% of the underage citizen population who were current alcohol users. In the U.S, underage alcohol consumption is allowed on private, nonalcohol-selling premises, with parental consent in twenty-nine states. The goal of the MLDA is to prohibit alcohol consumption in citizens under the set age. This goal has not been achieved in the slightest. On top of this, the prohibition of alcohol proves to increase alcohol consumption. Countries with lowered MLDAs are proven to have lower alcohol abuse rates. Drinking age should be lowered from twenty-one to eighteen due to the fact that persons at the age of eighteen are able to make important decisions and the prohibition of alcohol has been unsuccessful in the past sixteen plus years, harming more citizens than protecting.

Modern Music And Its Impact On The Modern World - 2658 Words

The history of music would not be complete without the musical â€Å"fine art† that was created for the dominant minorities in Western Europe. Bergeron (1992) admits that it is quite a task to educate a two-term survey of Western Art music since students have no extra time for getting accustomed to the great musical masterpieces and their composers. It acquires the knowledge to distinguish which set of values will assist in selecting the pieces from the canon that are worth being carried from one generation to another. Many students and the academic sectors as whole tend to view the music of the 20th century regarding the canonical nature (Marcia, 2009). It is worth mentioning that the building of the musical canon of works is not tied to history. The article analyses the healthy aspects of the western canon concepts and practices about the musical materials. The case study majors in the construction of the canons and the readings from that of the current J. Kreidler and D. He lbich musical works. Marcia (1993) states that the emergence of gender could not be compared to a historical time nor can it be taken as a blueprint to be used for gathering data about a particular work or person. Gender as a factor has a great impact on the various categories of musicology, and its effect has continued to increase with time. Various researchers have begun conducting research on the influence of gender and their contribution to the growth of the musical practices. According to SuzanneShow MoreRelatedMusic has Accompanied Man through History656 Words   |  3 PagesUndoubtedly we are talking about music. 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An increase in explicit violence and misogyny in popular music lyrics has been recorded. These lyrics have been judged to be inspirations for violent, suicidal, and criminal acts. For example, Mr. Raymond Kuntz referred to his sons incident. When his wife went to wake their son for school, theyRead MoreThe Influence of Books on the Past and Present Literacy850 Words   |  3 Pagesthe past literacy played an important role in adult education. For instance, the educators linked several issues to past literacy and adult education. The bone of contention emerges between the impact of theory and practice on policy making. The research provides the basis of how the three coexist in the world of literacy. It provides the platform where literacy meets adult education. The aspect of literacy in this context re lates to classrooms, workplaces, cyberspace, and tutorial sessions. The scholarRead MoreThe 4 Elements Of The Movement Of Hip Hop1654 Words   |  7 Pagesart used to express emotions visually, aurally, orally, physically. It is then categorized into 4 separate parts: mceeing, Djing, breakdancing and graffiti. All have evolved from when they were first created, shifted over the years and now apply to modern times. Many people have different versions to how Hip Hop was created. The one most often believed is how Dj Kool Herc came across 3 of the components that make up hip hop. When trying to entertain at a birthday party using a turntable, he accidentallyRead MoreJazz From The United States999 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"American’s classical music.’’ Jazz is known as one’s of North America’s oldest and most celebrated musical genres. Clarence Williams takes credit for the term by declaring that he was the first to ever use the word ‘’Jazz’’ in a song. Jazz originated from brass band and ragtime piano styles of the 1800s that were blende to satisfy dancers. During the 1890s, jazz began to be recognizable as a style of its own. A lot of jazz is offered in night in nightclubs, where people gather to hear music while they drink

Essay Magazine Critique - 935 Words

Magazine critique Adbusters is a popular alternative magazine started in 1989 by self-proclaimed â€Å"cultural jammer† Kalle Lasn and Bill Schamlz. As the title suggests, Adbusters is dedicated to exposing and undermining mainstream capitalist culture. Their mission statement says,â€Å"We are a global network of culture jammers and creatives working to change the way information flows, the way corporations wield power, and the way meaning is produced in our society.† it’s consistently one of the most, interesting and relevant magazines that actually discusses something of substance. While the mainstream media delivers little but clichà ©s that never question the political and economic status quo, most alternative media tends to respond to the†¦show more content†¦In this article the magazine addresses four main issues â€Å"post normal, post empathy, post memory, post empire â€Å"and also different issues including commercial Calvin Klein jeans, Burberry and the mos t important about the biggest real time psycho experiment in human history in which they find today’s teenagers are addicted to social media technologies like YouTube potato, Facebook addict, texter and a gamer in a picture. They also mentions about other issue like children develops in condition which have been corrupted and troubled over the last several decades and how half of million kids are receiving heavy duty antipsychotic medication which could put children’s lives in danger and we are trying to fix the massive social problem that has to do with disconnection win society and loss of nurturing. 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Provisions of Australian Contract Law

Question: Discuss about the Provisions of Australian Contract Law. Answer: Introduction This question consists of three different cases where we need to comment that whether consideration is present and whether it has an enforceable agreement. All three cases are almost similar with slight difference in the price which is offered for the Lotus Super 7 Sports Car. Before commenting on all three cases we should understand the meaning of Consideration and Enforceable Agreement/Contract. (Lawyerie, 2016) Consideration: it is a value which a promisor receives from a promisee in return for his promise. It is concerned with the bargain of the contract. It must have a value in the eyes of law and excludes promises of love and affection, betting gaming etc. A promise which is only from one side is not a consideration, instead it is a gift. There are various rules which are governing the law of consideration. The rules are given below:(Ilovelibrariesorg, 2016) Consideration should not be past. It should move from the promise. It must be sufficient and should not be adequate. Any part payment made should not be considered as a valid consideration for a promise to forgone the balance. Any existing public duty and contractual duty should not be regarded as valid consideration.(E-lawresourcescouk, 2016) Enforceable Agreement/Contract: There are certain provisions which needs to be fulfilled to called a contract or an agreement is enforceable. The basic requirements which need to be there for a contract to be enforceable are:(Lawscom, 2016) 1. Consideration must be present. 2. There must be an offer by a party 3. Acceptance must be given by the other party. 4. Relevant parties must have the legal capacity to the contract. 5. The matter on which the discussion is there must be legal in law. 6. There must be a mutual obligation between both the parties If all the above mentioned conditions are present then a contract or an agreement is considered as enforceable.(Lawcom, 2016) There are two parties involved in this case named as Jane and Jack. Jane is giving an offer to Jack to give her Lotus Super 7 sports car. Nothing is mentioned regarding the price at which the car is offered. The price of the same vehicle in a very good condition in the market was $25,000. In this case only Jane has given promise to give her sports car to Jack but there is no promise from the side of Jack. For a consideration to be present promise should be there from both sides, but here promise is given only from one side. Jack has not given any promise to Jane, so there is no consideration. In such cases it is called as gift. Jane has gifted her Sports car to jack without any consideration. Jack has even accepted the offer which is given by Jane. Now since consideration is not present then this contract would be enforceable by law. Any contract can be enforceable only when a consideration is present in it, but in this case consideration is not there. Hence this case neither has any consideration nor is the contract enforceable by law. The second case is also very similar to the first one but the only difference is the price which is given for the sports car. Jane has promised to give her sports car to Jack at a price of $25,000. The market price of the same vehicle in a very good condition would also cost $25,000. This means the price which is offered by Jane is same as the price which is offered in the market. In this case both Jane and Jack promised each other. Jane has promised to give her car to Jack while Jack has promised to give $25,000 to Jane. $25,000 paid by Jack to Jane is the consideration paid. The said contract between Jane and Jack is enforceable since all the elements of a contract are present in it. The elements fulfilled in this case are:(Rocketlawyercom, 2016) Jane has offered her Sports car to Jack. Hence the offer condition is fulfilled. Jack has accepted the offer which was offered by Jane. Hence the acceptance condition is also fulfilled. Jack has paid $25,000 to Jane for the car which is same as the price which is offered in the market. Consideration condition is also fulfilled. Both the person involved has the obligation. Jane has an obligation to give her Sports car to Jack and Jack has an obligation to give money to Jane. Hence Mutuality of obligation condition is also fulfilled. Both Jack and Jane have the legal capacity to the contract.(Thefreedictionarycom, 2016) Hence in this case consideration is present and even the contract is enforceable by law. The third case is also very similar to the first two cases except the price which was given by Jack. Even here Jane has offered her Sports Car to Jack but at a price which is very low than the price offered in the market. Price offered in the market was $25,000 while the price offered by Jane to Jack was only $2,500. The price offered was only 10% of the price offered in the market. Consideration is present in this case but it is not legally enforceable because the price offered is very low. For a consideration to be present certain rules needs to be fulfilled. The rules are explained below:(Wwwuiono,, 2016) Consideration paid here does not belong to past. It was a promise given by Jack to Jane in return for the Sports Car. The consideration paid was not sufficient because it was only 10% of the price which was offered in the market. The amount paid is not a part payment. $2,500 is the full payment which was paid by Jack to Jane. There are not contractual and public duty included in the consideration. All the conditions regarding consideration have been fulfilled except the third condition. Consideration paid by Jack was not sufficient enough. Now since consideration is not present then the contract would also be not enforceable by law. Hence in this case neither the consideration is present nor is the contract enforceable by law.(Findlawcom, 2016) Issue: This case also highlights the provisions of contract law. With the help of this case we would understand about the breaches in a contract. Two parties are involved in this contract. A shipbuilder has taken a contract to build a tanker for North Ocean Tankers. The terms and conditions of the contract were: 1. Amount paid to the shipbuilder would be in U.S. Dollars. 2. If there is any change in the currency then price paid would not get affected. It does not contain provisions for currency fluctuations. When fifty percentage of the contract was completed U.S. had devalued Dollar by 10%. Now since the contract didnt contain provisions regarding currency fluctuations, shipbuilder suffered losses. Due to the loss suffered shipbuilder demanded an extra amount of $3 million and if the amount is not paid then the construction would be stopped. Buyer didnt want the construction to be stopped since they had a charter for the tanker and it was essential that it should be delivered on time. Buyer agreed to pay the demanded extra amount under protest. Buyer decided not to take any action until the entire construction is completed. As soon as the construction was completed buyer wanted to recover the extra money which was paid. We need to see that whether buyer would be successful in claiming back the extra amount which was paid by them or not.(Wordpresscom, 2016) Rule: when an agreement between two parties is legally enforceable then it is called a contract. But there are certain elements which need to be present in a contract to make it legally enforceable. The elements are discussed below:(Contractstandardscom, 2016) Acceptance and offer Agreement should be legal as per the respective State Laws. Both the parties must have the intention to create binding relations. Consideration must be paid for the promise, which is made by the party. Both the parties must have the genuine consent. Legal capacity of the parties to act. If all the above-mentioned elements are present in a contract then it is considered as a contract.(Lsuconca, 2016) Breach of a contract is a legal cause of action in which one of the parties did not performed its promise as per the terms and conditions of the contract. If a party was unable to perform his duty as mentioned then it is considered as a breach. There are various kinds of breaches in a contract which are discussed below:(Ideaint, 2016) Minor Breach: in such kind of a breach non-breaching party could not sue the breaching party for specific performance but can sue for actual damages. Material Breach: in such kind of a breach party to the contract can either compel performance or collect damages because of the breach. Fundamental Breach: In such kind of breaches aggrieved party can terminate the performance of a contract and the party can sue for damages as well. Anticipatory Breach: under this breach party will not perform his duty when the performance is due. It is a situation where future non-performance is inevitable.(Adamsdraftingcom, 2016) Application: first we need to check that whether the contract entered between the shipbuilder and North Ocean Tankers is legally enforceable by law or not. The elements of a contract are discussed below in detail: North Ocean Tankers is a company which has given an offer to the shipbuilder to construct a tanker for them. Offer is present in this contract. Shipbuilder has accepted the contract which was offered by the buyer. Acceptance is also present in the contract. For the work done by the shipbuilder, amount is paid by the buyer in U.S. Dollars. Hence consideration is also present in this case. Both the parties have obligation to perform. Shipbuilder has the obligation to build the tanker and North Ocean Tankers has the obligation to pay them. The terms and conditions of the contract are legally enforceable. As per the terms payment will be made to the shipbuilder only in U.S. Dollars and it will not contain any provisions regarding currency fluctuations.(Dlapipercom, 2016) Since all the elements of a contract are present in this case, the said contract is legally enforceable by law. But since shipbuilder was suffering losses, it had asked for extra $3 million to be paid. This was not as per the terms and conditions of the contract. It was clearly mentioned that provisions of currency fluctuations should not be there. Inspite of knowing this shipbuilder had asked for extra amount. This is a breach of a contract committed by the shipbuilder. If he was not happy with the terms of the contract then he should have requested for a change in the terms. But unfortunately there was no such request by the shipbuilder and hence it was assumed that he has agreed with the terms and conditions of the contract. This breach is considered as a minor breach which was committed by the shipbuilder. Though buyer had paid an extra amount to the shipbuilder, it has an option to recover the amount from him. Nine months after when the contract was completed buyer wanted to recover the excess payment which was paid under protest. As per Australian law buyer has the complete right to reco ver the amount which was earlier paid by the buyer under protest. Conclusion: The shipbuilder should have raised an objection when terms and conditions of a contract were made but no objections were raised. So now he cannot change the terms of the contract. Payment terms were fixed so buyer has the right to recover the excess amount, which was paid to the builder. Hence Buyer would be successful in recovering the excess amount paid to the builder. References Adamsdraftingcom.2007.Adams on Contract Drafting.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.adamsdrafting.com/material-breach Contractstandardscom.2016.Contractstandardscom.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.contractstandards.com/clauses/termination-upon-breach Dlapipercom.2016.DLA Piper.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.dlapiper.com/en/uk/insights/publications/2016/03/termination-of-commercial-contracts E-lawresourcescouk.2016.E-lawresourcescouk.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Consideration.php Findlawcom.2016.Findlaw.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-contracts-forms/what-is-consideration-and-how-much-is-required.html Ideaint.2016.Ideaint.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.idea.int/about/vacancies/upload/General-Conditions-for-Contract-for-Provisn-of-Services.pdf Ilovelibrariesorg.2016.Ilovelibrariesorg.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.ilovelibraries.org/article/nuts-and-bolts-enforceable-contract Lawcom.2016.Lawcom Legal Dictionary.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=305 Lawscom.2016.Lawscom.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://contract-law.laws.com/enforcing-contracts Lawyerie.2016.Lawyerie.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.lawyer.ie/company-law/creating-a-legally-enforceably-contract Lsuconca.2016.Lsuconca.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.lsuc.on.ca/For-Lawyers/About-Your-Licence/Audits-and-Reviews/The-Contract--Potential-Issues-and-Sample-Clauses Rocketlawyercom.2016.Rocketlawyercom.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.rocketlawyer.com/article/what-is-consideration-cb.rl Thefreedictionarycom.2016.TheFreeDictionarycom.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/consideration Wordpresscom.2006.LAW INFORMATION .[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://legalcatch.wordpress.com/2006/10/24/consideration-law-definition Wwwuiono.2016.Wwwuiono.[Online].[19 August 2016].Available from: https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/jus/JUS5260/v12/undervisningsmateriale/Consideration.pdf