Christian Believes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian Believes - Essay Example He gave them the ability to control nature, which was created in order to allow people to have everything necessary for their lives. Many modern scholars believe that Christianity is responsible for the deterioration of the environment and the emergence of serious problems such as global warming, pollution of the planet, etc. However, if one reads the Bible attentively, he/she will see that the Bible urges people to respect nature and the environment based on a rational and careful use of natural resources. God created nature and gave the man the ability to control it: The Bible focuses particular attention on the responsible attitude of people to nature. In particular, in the Old Testament, Jewish people had been instructed to give the land an opportunity to rest for 50 years, so it could be used after (Lev. 25. 8-11). In addition, God forbade the Jews to destroy the trees growing in the cities that they wanted to capture (Deut. 20.19). Thus, Christianity justifies the need to take care of nature, because nature gives people all that they need for their harmonious life. Unfortunately, violence continues to be one of the most common forms of misunderstanding between people. Throughout the world, one can observe various forms of violence that often lead to casualties. As an example of violence, one can consider the type of violence caused by racial hatred. Many countries have faced this serious problem. United States is no exception. In the US, racial hatred led to the death of many people. Many people who have been victims of such violence believed that they had the right to use violence in response. Nevertheless, Christianity represented by the Bible and especially the New Testament opposes any form of violence, in particular caused as a result of racial hatred. Jesus Christ has marked a completely new approach to the problem of violence. He urged people to eradicate violence in the community and learn to love each other,

Death Comparison Essay Essay Example for Free

Death Comparison Essay Essay Editors play influential roles in literature. They can easily alter the overall atmosphere of literature or change the message behind it. Different versions of the poem â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz†¦Ã¢â‚¬  by Emily Dickinson demonstrate different caesura, capitalization and word usage. The 1955 edition by Thomas H. Johnson and the original version by Emily Dickinson portray almost identical ideas and emphasis through limited alteration of caesura and word capitalization in relation to death as somewhat unimportant event. Caesura is one of the most crucial elements in classic English poetry. It can either change the pace or the atmosphere of the work. Emily Dickinson uses caesura in her poem â€Å"Dying† to demonstrate death as a slow and unspiritual event. Both the 1955 edition and the original edition share the same style of caesura from the start to the end. In the original version, Dickinson uses a vast number of hyphens between sentences. For example, the first two sentences of the poem, â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz-when/ I died-†, depicts how the author uses hyphens between every phrase to portray short breaths of a dying individual. The author uses short breathed pace of the poem to describe the narrator’s slow process of death and nonspiritual side of death. In addition, the author implies how death does not contain any kind of sudden or spiritual endings. In the 1955 edition, Johnson places caesuras in almost identical places to preserve the original work’s perception of death. As a result, the 1955 edition successfully displays images of a dying narrator and the short paced poet structure. With the same style of caesura, the 1955 edition brings out the original version’s idea about death being a slow yet nonspiritual everyday occurrence. Often poets use capitalization as a tool to emphasize specific words. Two versions of the poem â€Å"Dying† capitalize overlapping words to express equal emphasis. In the original version of the poem Emily Dickinson constantly  focuses on incoherent words such as â€Å"room† and â€Å"fly.† The author uses emphasis on the room to create an illusion of an isolated space. Dickinson utilize this illusion introduce the emptiness of death. The constant capitalization of the word â€Å"fly† causes readers’ attention to move away from the dying narrator. This ironic emphasis on the fly, transforms this serious theme called death into something that is minor and insignificant. Two versions of the poem, the 1955 edition and the original edition, have minor difference in their capitalization style; the only difference is the capitalization of the word around. In the 1955 edition, Johnson capitalizes the words â€Å"fly† and â€Å"room† throughout the poem. As a result of this capitalization Johnson successfully creates an atmosphere that is identical to the original version. Johnson also inherits Dickinson’s original intention to minimize the importance of death and to make something miniscule, a fly, as the center of attention. The 1955 edition shares an incredible amount of similarities with the original version; the style of caesura and the capitalization of specific words. The 1955 edition places hyphens in the exact same places to preserve the original version’s ideas about death being a slow natural process. In addition, both of the 1955 edition and the original version emphasize significant words such as â€Å"fly and â€Å"room† to represent the insignificance of death, rather than portraying death as a major event in human lives. Bibliography I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died (591). By Emily Dickinson : The Poetry Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/174972.

X- Factor or X-Fixer? X-Factor as a Commodity Essay -- Music Industry,

The assignment will attempt to explore the commercialised fabrication that is X-Factor, on the music industry. In particular, what does the reality show X-factor pose for production of artists, and the effects this has on the industry? The prestige for production that X-Factor had to offer for the music industry, simultaneously to now it may no longer desire through realisation of just regurgitated material? A matter of opinions and factual literature will be explored to elude the commodification this commercialised machine offers to the music industry. Firstly, what are commodities and the relation commodification holds within the music industry? Commodities are an existence of a good that are produced for means to a profit (Marx, 1968). Well established commodities are those with large markets, accustomed by large derivative markets trade and speculate profit, if the asset or produce interchanges in the way they are expected (Hesmondhalgh, 2007). Therefore, would it suggest cultur e commodification districts genuine value and asserts more focus on profit motives, subsequently, weakening creativity and originality that are imposed within the media industry? The relationship between commodification and the X Factor is a direct marketing tool for the commodification of music, which takes particular advantage of the much sought-after Christmas Number One spot every year (King, 2010). The X-Factor is a reality TV show that commercialises a singing competition. It originated from England, where now the format is sold in various other countries such as America. Contestants embark on four preliminary rounds prior to auditions faced in front of judges, where they are then faced through on going auditions to then face the public in li... ...ord selling is simply about the quality of the musician with that record, where as the star-making system refers to a well-established artist or brand based on their previous performance to guarantee future success, examples such as Elvis Presley or the Beatles to name a few. X-Factor nurtures and sculpts this musician to fit a star image or star personality (Frith, 2000), for example through the auditions you see their family or hear of a heart whelming story to add likability factor to their image. Predominant marketing on the image as oppose to the music-making is often heard throughout the live shows, â€Å"you do not have the X-Factor†, or â€Å"You have the voice, but the image is not right†. Surely it is only about the voice, regardless of what branded top they are wearing or well-established shoes they decided to put on that morning? The term X-Factor said to those†¦

Indian Culture Essay

INDIA A country in South Asia. India is bounded by the Indian ocean on the south, Arabian sea in the south-west and bay of Bengal in the south-east. It shares borders with Pakistan in the west, china, Nepal and Bhutan in the north-east and with Burma and Bangladesh in the east. India’s Andaman Nicobar islands share a maritime borders with Thailand and Indonesia. Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four world religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism— originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region’s diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Indian economy is the world’s tenth-largest by  nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic  Reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest- rowing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of  Poverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public Healthcare and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks eighth in military expenditure among nations. Current Details of India: President : Pranab Mukherjee Vice President : Mohammed Hamid Ansari Prime Minister : Manmohan Singh About India: Since ancient times India is known for diversity and prosperity in its Culture. It has one of the oldest civilization and culture in the world. Despite of such diversity Indian culture has the immense power to unite peoples together. There are fifteen national languages recognized by the Indian constitution and these are spoken in over 1600 dialects. With language changing across different parts of country, culture is also diverse. The Culture of India has played a vital role in its civilization. But, now a days, there is a lot of change in our Indian culture. Some changes are good and some effects badly on society. Let us see some of the changes in our society and what is our responsibility to preserve our pride, because â€Å"Pride of India is its Culture†. Changes In Indian Culture that are Positive for Indian Society A few Centuries ago â€Å"Sati pratha† was abolished and â€Å"widow remarriage† was approved. These Changes were the major achievements of Indian Society. These changes have removed the traditions and methodologies which was a curse to all the women and humanity. These Changes were the major revolution in the Indian Society. From that time, changes have influenced a lot to the Indian Society. Now a days, there are many visible changes in our society. Some of them are: †¢With technology becoming fast and easily portable people of different parts of the world are interacting together. Today they can easily know each other’s culture and tradition. So technology has made this world a smaller place and make the peoples come closer to know each other’s lifestyle and culture. Now a days people of a country are well known about the culture and tradition of other countries and so their knowledge has broaden. Peoples are becoming more independent. They are no more restricted in their own methodologies. New thinking are evolving between society. †¢Today peoples of our country are moving to other parts of the world for higher education and learning better technology. Now a girl of our country is no more restricted to home, and a woman to a housewife. Things are changing. Girls are also getting opportunities for their better education and lifestyle, same as the boys. Old traditions and wooden customs are  changing. These changes are the seeds for the better society where girls and women have the same right as the boys and men have. These changes are empowering our girls and women. †¢In case of marriage the changes are visible. Now a days younger generation chooses their life partner themselves. Traditionally their parents used to find a marriage par tner for them. Today If their parents choose a life partner for them then they allow their young ones to spend time with their life partner to understand each other and then perform the marriage ceremony. By doing this they gave their children a better chance to have a better future. So now a days young generation have freedom of choice in contrast with the old culture of Indian society where parents were solely responsible for choosing life partner for their children. †¢A major change that can be sensed in Indian Culture is the change in Indian Cinema. We all know that cinema is the mirror of our society. It clearly reflects the culture and methodologies of our society. Few decades ago Indian cinema was only meant for entertainment. At that times films were of conservative type. But today film makers are moving to the various social issues and giving the Indian cinema a touch of perfection. Films displaying the critical and major issues like terrorism and bogus CBI has already produced. These films teach a lesson to society regarding these issues and its consequences. Also the films promoting art and music have produced over a few years. Such types of films also encourage new ta lents and provide new opportunities. Negative Aspects Of Changes In Indian Culture As stated earlier that â€Å"every coin has two faces†. So If there are some positives, negatives also lies within. The changes in Indian Culture is also giving some negative consequences. Some of them are discussed below: †¢With growing technology competition in the market is also rising. People are spending their lots of time in office and at workplace. Consequently they have not much time to spend with their family specially with their children. So now a days parents have a less time to care for their children in contrast with the old age, where an immense care was given to a child by his family members. So the present generation of children are very much unaware of our Indian Culture. No one is there to make them understand about this. At present this is not a major issue but in future it will be of great concern. No one of us will ever want that our future generation will remain unaware from our Indian Culture. Problem: Our next Generation will remain unaware about our Indian Culture and slowly they forget it. Solution: Parents should spend a valuable time with their children discussing about our culture and tradition. Classes should be organized by schools for making them aware of our culture and its value. †¢With the growing demands of the world level of education has also changed. Pedagogy has changed. In old ages learning of a few subjects was enough but now a days a child has to learn about the different subjects and different areas of concern including present technology and science. So the level of mental stress has increased. In such conditions behaviour of parents act as catalyst. Now a days parents used to impose their desire and dreams on their children. Consequently mental stress rises exponentially leading to the act of suicide and state of depression. Problem: Mental stress on a child has increased. Solution: Nature of Pedagogy should be in a way, favourable with children. Parents should not impose their desires and dreams on their children. Every child is special, every child has a special talent. Provide them care and love and help in enhancing their mental strength so that their confidence in themselves will increase. They need these things because they are the future of our country. How would be our next society and culture largely depends on them. †¢In this world of growing technology, nearness and full of connections it is almost impossible for anyone to remain unaware about the culture following in different parts of the world, specially to our young generation. They are crazy about being modern and in their journey of modernization they are more attracted towards western culture. Regarding this they have accepted some freaky ideas of western culture. Now a days, physical pleasure are preferred by them over mental pleasure in almost every aspect, whether their life is concerned or whether their love. In search of physical pleasure they often commits crime. They are the building blocks of our society and culture. What  would happen to our future generations if they themselves solely tends towards western culture? Modernization is necessary but it should be in a way so as to preserve our culture and values. Problem: Physical pleasure is preferred by our young generation over mental pleasure. Solution: Parents should take care of their teens. They should restrict their teens up to some extent. Freedom is necessary but it should be in a limit. Parents should also be frank with their teens as like friends. Parents should give lessons to their teens about the consequences of bad habits prevailing in society, and how they can contribute in removing them. They should also make their teens frank with them and their family. Parents should discuss each and every issue of their teen among themselves and should tackle it patiently and smartly. If a proper care is given to them, they can be a responsible Indian in the Future.

Professional and legal implications Essay

This assignment will explore the professional and legal implications of a scenario which took place within a healthcare setting during the last year. Health care is very complex and decisions about how services are provided can have a huge effect on people’s lives. Therefore it is imperative that the care offered has the best chance of benefiting a patient and not harming them. However, in the following scenario a decision made by a healthcare professional for the best interests of their patient is challenged by the patient’s mother. To protect confidentiality the real names of the individuals involved have been changed (NMC, 2008). Katie is a 24 year old woman who has been admitted to hospital with a severe chest infection. Katie suffers from recurring chest infections due to her condition and also has cerebral palsy, learning disabilities and epilepsy. Due to these conditions Katie is unable to communicate, requires a Naso Gastric Tube for feeding, is doubly incontine nt and has one to one care from a Health Care Support Worker for all her personal and clinical needs. Katie lives with her mother at home, who provides her care during the night. The medical team discovered that her chest infection is Pneumonia and begin the relevant treatment, however believe that due to Katie’s quality of life she should be Not for Resuscitation (NFR) in the event of a cardiac arrest. However, Katie’s mother argues that her daughter should be resuscitated and the decision should be made by her, because she is her mother and that the health care team are neglecting her daughter’s right to life and are acting illegally by making such a decision. Katie’s mum also believes that the health care team are basing their decision on Katie’s learning disability rather than her best interests. This essay will encompass the ethical considerations that need to be sought when a decision such as NFR is made. Taking into account the legal and professional implications this has on the health care team involved. Before making any decision the health care professional will need to consider if the Katie has the mental capacity, what are in the her best interests and protecting the her human rights. All these topics will be included in this essay. This essay will also explain why it is important for a health care professional to take into account the Bolam Test and Section 4 of the Mental Capacity Act (2005), taking into consideration a patient’s best interest when they lack capacity, before they make any decision. The Medical Team must act in accordance with the practice  that is accepted at that time and by a recognised professional body (Dimond 2008). All these issues are relevant in this scenario. Making a decision such as NFR is taken very seriously due to the known outcome in the event of a cardiac arrest. A Not For Resuscitation (NFR) decision indicates that a decision has been made not to call the resuscitation team if in the future that patient, such as Katie, suddenly stops breathing or suffers cardiac arrest. Resuscitation decisions are very controversial and have been the subject of much media interest. Especially when that patient has a learning disability. There is evidence of this in the appendix at the back of this essay and it will be discussed further on in the essay. A decision such as NFR is the responsibility of the most senior clinician for the specific patient, according to a revised guidance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (2007). Every health board should have a resuscitation policy. The Local Health Board’s policy involved in this scenario can be found in the appendix of this essay. The policy, published in (2009) states that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be commenced unless; the patient has refused CPR; the patient is at the palliative stage of illness or the burdens of the treatment outweigh the benefit. The Health Care Team are required, before they make any decision to determine if Katie has mental capacity and if she is able to understand and contribute to the decisions of her treatment. If Katie had capacity and was not consulted about the decision then the heath care professional could be seen as acting unlawfully and the decision maker would be legally and professionally accountable (B v An NHS Trust [2002]). The Mental Capacity Act (2005) describes capacity as an individual’s ability to make a certain decision at a specific time and not on their ability to make decisions generally. Legal capacity depends on the patients understanding rather than their wisdom. They should be able to retain and understand the information that they are given and then communicate their decision with the appropriate professional (Simpson, 2011). A patient’s competency to capacity should not be presumed. An assessment of capacity should be made before a person can be said to be incapacitated (NMC, 2008). Nurses have the ability to assess capacity, if they feel that it is needed. However, they do not have the authority to make a decision such as NFR (Hawley 2007). Therefore, they must  refer to a doctor or psychologist to assess the patient’s capacity and make such a decision (Hutchison, 2005). Katie’s mental capacity, following the Mental Health Act (2005), will need to be assessed by a doctor or a psychologist due to the significance of the decision. The Case of Re C (1994) helped produce the 3 stage test of capacity and this has proved to be a suitable test used in the assessing process of capacity. However, the introduction of the Mental Capacity Act resulted in a 4th Stage being added (Section 3 MCA). The test decides whether the individual is able to: Comprehend and retain information, Believe information given and weigh it up, balance the risks and needs, make a choice. The fourth stage is to communicate the decision. In this particular scenario, after an assessment of Katie’s Mental Capacity using this test, determined that Katie did not have the Mental Capacity to make decisions due to her inability to understand the information and communicate the decision. This enables the team to make this decision for her as long as it is in her best interests. Katie’s mother believes that she should be the one to make this decision for her daughter because she is her next of kin and Katie’s power of attorney. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) allows a person to legally set up a lasting power of attorney. The chosen person or persons have the power to make decisions on the individual’s financial and personal behalf. The act does not allow enduring power of attorneys to be set up; however those already in existence can continue to be used. The lasting power of attorney has the power to give consent on behalf of a patient who is incapacitated if it is in their best interest (Thomson et al, 2006). However, the lasting power of attorney does not have the power to order a patient who is NFR or who is becoming NFR, as in this scenario, to be resuscitated if a health care professional has assessed that the outcome would not be in the best interest of the patient. There is no obligation to give treatment that is futile or burdensome as seen in the case of Re J (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment [1990]). As in the case of R (Burke v General Medical Council [2004]) no person has a legal right to insist on specific treatments either for themselves or relatives. The health care professional is not obliged by law to resuscitate Katie irrelevant weather Katie’s mother is next of kin or has power of attorney. It was discovered afterwards that Katie’s mother was not her power of attorney because Katie had never had the capacity to  appoint one. The health care professional will make their decision after assessing the patient and following the appropriate legal frameworks which are set to protect them and the patient and examining what decision would be in Katie’s best interests. Section 4 of the Mental Capacity Act (2005) sets out the legal framework for a best interest decision to be made, for people without mental capacity. This can be found in the appendix of the essay. The Act states that the health care professional making the decision must not make it simply on the basis of the patient’s age or appearance. The patient’s condition and aspects of behaviour must not affect the judgements of best interests and duty of care. The health care professional making the decision must consider all the relevant circumstances and consider the possibility of the patient gaining capacity (MCA, 2005). However, if this is not possible then the health care professional must revise the past and present wishes of the patient, especially if an advance directive has been made. In relation to the scenario, it is crucial that this checklist is considered when making a decision such as NFR, due to Katie’s Learning disabilities’. Mencap (2007) published a report called ‘death by indifference’ which can be found in the appendix of this essay. The report examines cases where families believed that doctors used inappropriate use of Do Not Resuscitate Orders simply because the patient had a learning disability rather than assessing the best interest of the patient resulting in institutional discrimination. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) adds that the health care professional must consult anyone caring f or the patient or who is concerned for their welfare and gain their views on the decision (Dimond, 2008). In this scenario Katie’s mother was addressed and informed of the decision and her views were taken into account, despite the disagreement of the overall decision. Katie’s mum’s attitude and opinion towards the decision could be biased. She may genuinely not recognise that an NFR decision would be in the best interests of her daughter. Katie’s mother has her own values and beliefs that are likely to be factors that can influence her disapproval. The health care professional involved with Katie’s care will need to reassure Katie’s mum, show compassion and empathise with her situation. As stated earlier in the essay, the best interests of Katie can be determined via consideration of a checklist of circumstances within Section 4 of the MCA (2005). The benefits of treatment  and the probability of them arising are considered (Griffiths and Tengnah 2008). In this scenario the benefits of resuscitation would be measured. If it was agreed that res uscitation would do more harm than good then it would be considered that NFR would be in Katie’s best interests (Re A (mental patient: sterilisation) [2001]). Due to Katie’s quality of life, because of her cerebral palsy and epilepsy, it was considered by the health care professionals that it was in the best interest of Katie that she becomes NFR, as the outcome of resuscitation would not improve her quality of life. It was also agreed that resuscitation would do more harm to Katie than good, due to the probability of resuscitation being unsuccessful. However, Katie’s mum believes that the health care professionals are depriving her daughter of a right to life as was in the case of Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993]. The Human Rights Act (1998) is an Act of Parliament produced to protect the rights of individuals. The Act incorporates convention rights and protocols and is comprised of several articles. Schedule 1 Article 2, the Right to Life is of particular relevance in this scenario. The Article legally entitles every person’s individual’s right to life to be protected by law. It states that an individual†™s life should not be deprived intentionally. Katie’s mum believes that the decision of NFR is infringing her daughter’s human rights. If this is proved to be the situation then the professional could face legal action (Dimond, 2008). In this scenario the health care professionals are acting in Katie’s best interests and will not face any legal proceedings as long as they can justify their decision. This was illustrated in the cases of; National Health Service Trust A V D and others [2000], NHS Trust A v M [2001] and NHS Trust B V H [2001] indicates that decisions such as NFR, which are found to allow the individual to die with dignity and be in the best interests of the person, are not legally classed as infringing human rights. It could be implied that the decisions of NFR supports Katie’s human rights. If it is considered that Katie’s quality of life would remain poor or that resuscitation could potentially cause her harm and not be in Katie’s best interests then it could be implied that resuscitation in the event of Katie experiencing a cardiac arrest could prove a degrading treatment (Thompson et al, 2006). In this particular scenario Katie’s mother is accusing the health care professionals of being negligent. The case of (Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957])  initiated the Bolam test. The Bolam test is used to examine if a health care professional has been negligent. If the health care professional has acted in accordance with an accepted practice which is approved by a recognised professional body then they cannot be thought as negligent. However, it could be disputed that the health care professional could be assumed negligent if they resuscitated Katie since it is not in her best interests as the health care professionals have a legal duty of care to preclude acts or omissions which can potentially injure the patient (Donogue v Stevenson [1932]). If the health care professionals were to resuscitate Katie and it resulted in her becoming harmed then the health care professionals could be accused of being negligent under the Bolam test. Once a decision such as NFR has been justified and documented then if Katie was resuscitated in the event of a cardiac arrest then this treatment could been seen as battery and it is unlawful as in the case of (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993]). Such as in the case of Bland where the patient’s recovery was not going to happen due to him being in a Permanent Vegetative State, then the courts can decide that treatment can be withdrawn and not infringe the human rights of the individual (NHS Trust v M [2001]). In this scenario the health care team have decided, that due to Katie’s ongoing chest infections, the pain that she experiences from her conditions and her poor quality of life, it would not be in Katie’s best interests for her to be resuscitated in the event of a cardiac arrest. Consequently health professionals are not infringing her right to life and consequently not legally negligent. All health care professionals have a duty of care to their patients (Dimond, 2008). For this section of the essay the author will focus on how a decision such as NFR can have on a nurse and discuss the legal implications that may occur. Registered nurses are governed by The Code: Standards of conduct, performances an d ethics for nurses and midwives (NMC, 2008). The code is not a legal document however, it sets a framework of standards that a nurse must adhere to within their practice and it enables them to act lawfully. Decisions such as NFR can cause professional issues for a nurse. The nurse is the frontline provider of their patient’s care (Dimond, 2008). They have the most contact with the patient and their relatives. They often develop a therapeutic relationship with both. This could cause the nurse to face a dilemma of being criticised by the family and friends of the patient if they  do not commence CPR or even face criticism from their colleges if they did proceed with CPR (Dimond, 2008). The nurse may feel duty-bound to commence CPR due to the relationship they have formed with the patient. However, the nurse must always act lawfully. Due to the nurse’s role as the care provider, they often have contact with the family members. This may provide difficulties for the nurse if the family, such as Katie’s mum, disagree with a decision that has been made. Therefore, the nurse may be faced with a possible confrontation from the family or friends of the patient due to their disapproval (Hughes and Baldwin, 2006). The nurse has a responsibility to their patients to provide a high standard of care (NMC, 2008). However, at times they may feel as though they are being prevented from providing this standard when a decision such as NFR is issued and could cause them professional implications. However, it could also be argued that the nurse is fulfilling their role in such a situation as the nurse has a duty to alleviate the suffering of patients (Rumbold, 2002). The nurse would not be alleviating a patient’s suffering if they commenced CPR and it had been decided that it was not in the patients best interests. Nurses are accountable for their actions (NMC, 2008). The accountability of not providing CPR to a patient can present the nurse with a professional implication. Therefore, as the essay mentioned earlier, if the decision of NFR is legal then the nurse will not be held professionally accountable for not commencing CPR if their patient experiences a cardiac arrest. All Health care professionals are responsible for maintaining standards set in the code of professional conduct. The NMC (2008) governs nurses to ‘Adhere to the laws of the country in which you are practicing’. This implies that nurses are required to act lawfully. They are required to follow orders such as NFR regardless of their own values and beliefs. A decision such as NFR creates the question of: who has the right to decide what is in the best interests of a patient. Even though the person making the decision is professionally qualified to do so they may find it complicated in proving that it is in the best interests of a patient without capacity (Runciman et al, 2007). The professional has a duty to act lawfully and be able to sustain this when making such an important decision. The attitudes of a nurse can offer professional implications for a decision such as NFR. Attitudes are governed by personal values and beliefs. If the nurse did not agree that it is in theà ‚  best interests of the patient to become NFR this could create some difficulties. The nurse may decide to vocalise what they consider is in the best interests of their patient and this could conflict with the NFR decision made by the health care professional resulting in an ethical dilemma (Thompson et al, 2006). According to Schlutz (1998), there is considerable evidence that many nurses experience the feeling of powerlessness when confronted with an ethical dilemma and fear conflict with other professionals such as consultants and doctors. Due to this they may abide by instructions regardless of it conflicting with their own professional values and beliefs. This could imply that the nurse involved with Katie’s care could follow an instruction as NFR despite it being against their own professional opinion. However, the nurse must be accountable for their actions and must indicate a satisfactory reason for their conduct (NMC, 2008) therefore potentially resulting in a professional implication. Rundell (1992) claims that the nursing of a palliative patient and providing them with a dignified death, uncomplicated or uncompromised by CPR could prove to be more complex than simply intervening and commencing CPR. Therefore not intervening when a patient is suffering a cardiac arrest can res ult in a professional implication of the NFR decision. The nurse could find it very difficult to watch a patient suffer a cardiac arrest and not be allowed to intervene because of an NFR decision made by a health care professional who may not even have had a therapeutic relationship with the patient or their family. Doctors and nurses are professionally responsible to perform beneficently, justifying and respecting the rights of others (Thompson et al, 2006). Beneficence can be defined as an action taken that will benefit others and prevent and remove harm. Examples of harm are suffering and death (Herbert, 1998). If a health care professional fails to act beneficently it violates social, moral and professional standards (Beauchamp and Childress, 1989). This principle implies that the health care professional would be acting unprofessional by not commencing CPR. However, Casteldine (1993) implies that it is of greater beneficence for the health care professional to acknowledge end of life on certain occasions rather than using CPR, which could potentially cause harm, to prevent death. This implication is seen within the scenario. However it is imperative that the staff perform lawfully. Health care professionals are often faced with the  dilemma as to whether a certified decision has been made morally and legally accepted. This could result in disputes due to differentiating values and beliefs (Herbert, 1998). The NMC (2008) states that a patient, who does not possess capacity, should be protected. This may cause conflict in role responsibility in an NFR decision, as a health care professional not commencing resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest could potentially cause the issue of passive non-voluntary euthanasia. This is a further professional implication that the nurse may experience when a decision such as NFR is initiated. Passive non-voluntary Euthanasia can be defined as when the individual who dies is unable to give their consent and the individuals competent requests concerning euthanasia are not known, such as Katie’s wishes are not know due to her not having the mental capacity. In effect it involves not providing or discontinuing treatments that would be relatively successful in preventing the patient’s death because death is considered to be kind to the patient by the health care professional making the decision. Therefore, this type of euthanasia depends on other factors for its achievement in causing death, such as Katie’s underlying pneumonia which if left untreated could kill her or promote her inability to breathe satisfactorily without oxygen or respiratory assistance. By withdrawing treatment or as in Katie’s case creating an NFR that would normally be done for a patient with this condition, with the objective of causing the patient’s death out of compassion could be regarded as passive euthanasia and be interpreted as allowing the patient to die rather than killing them. Again when faced with such a situation the nurse must always abide by the NMC Code (2008) and act lawfully in their practice and they will not be accoun table for breaching their professional duties. In conclusion, this essay has contained numerous reasons why legal implications could arise due to Katie’s mother disagreeing with the NFR decision. When a health care professional makes a decision such as NFR, it is taken very seriously and as this essay has explained the health care professional has a legal obligation to justify their decision. They are required to follow the appropriate assessments and procedures before making their decision. The health care professional has a duty of care to their patient and they must ensure that they are considering the overall outcome and quality of life if CPR was performed and if it would be in their patient’s best interests or  potentially cause harm. It is imperative that they discuss all decisions with the immediate family and reassure the family that they are acting in the best interest of the patient (Hawley, 2007). Decisions such as NFR need to be regularly reassessed because a patient’s condition may improve or they may regain their capacity to make decisions. There are many legal and professional implications that the health care professional could encounter due t o such a decision. Therefore it is essential that they are aware of the law because they will be accountable for their actions. Ultimately they must be able to prove that they are acting in the best interests of the patient and be able to provide relevant evidence to support this. In this particular scenario, Katie’s mother was made fully aware of the NFR decision and what it meant if Katie was to have a cardiac arrest. She was involved in the decision making process and consulted regarding her daughters condition. Soon after the health care professional made the NFR decision Katie’s health deteriorated due to the Pneumonia and subsequently her quality of life was poorer than previously. It was at this point that Katie’s mum finally accepted the NFR decision and realised that it was in the best interests of her daughter that she should not be resuscitated. As the essay has shown, in the event that Katie’s mother pursued a clinical negligence claim against the Health Board, on the grounds that she believed the health care professionals in charge of Katie’s care were neglecting her daughters right to life, the likelihood of a ruling that Katie be for resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest would be unlikely due to Katie’s mental capacity, overall outcome, quality of life and the evidence supporting the health care professional’s decision that it would be in Katie’s best interest. In conclusion, the essay draws on the fact that all health care professionals, when making a decision such as NFR are required by law to assess patients mental capacity, follow a code of practice and always act in the best interest of the patients regardless of the patients families views and a patients disability. In order for this to be achieved, the Bolam Test and Section 4 of the MCA (2005) should be considered. The health care professional in this scenario conducted their decision process accordingly, following the correct assessments and legal frameworks, basing their decision on Katie’s best interests due to her ill health rather than her learning disability. Word Count 4,268 References * Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 ALL ER 449 * B v An NHS Trust [2002]2 ALL ER 449 * Beauchamp TL and Childress JF, (1989), Principles of biomedical ethics, third edition, Oxford University Press * Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 * British Medical Association (2007) Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing, Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, BMA. * Campbell A, Grant G and Jones G, (2005) Medical Ethics, Fourth Addition, Oxford publishers * Castledine G, (1993), The Nursing Way of Death, British Journal of Nursing, 16: 138-146. * Degrazia D, (1999), Advanced Directives, Dementia and the ‘Someone else problem’ Journal of bioethics, 13 (5): 373. * Dimond B, (2008) Legal aspects of Nursing, Fifth edition, Pearson education publishers. * Donogue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 599 * Grifiths R and Tengnah C, (2008), Mental Capacity Act; determining best interest, British Journal of Community Nursing, 13 (7): 335-340 * Hawley G (2007) Ethics in clinical practice: an interpersonal approach. Pearson Education. * Herbert C L, (1998), ‘To be or not to be’ an ethical debate on the not for resuscitation status of a stoke patient, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 6: 99-105 * Hughes JC and Baldwin C, (2006), Ethical issues in dementia care; making difficult decisions, Jessica Kingley Publishers * Hutchinson C, (2005), Addressing issues related to the adult patient who lack the capacity to give consent, Nursing Standard, 19 (23): 47-53 * http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/artcle-2101445/NHS * http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/writing_references.asp * http://www.mencap.org.uk/74deaths * http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents * http://www.lawcf.org/CMS/uploads/611/documents/Case Note on Leslie Burke * National Health Service Trust A v D and others [2000] Lloyds rep med 411 * NHS Trust A v M [2001] 1 ALL ER 801 * NHS Trust B v H [2001] 1 ALL ER 801 * Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, performance and ethics, NMC * R (on the application of Burke) v General Medical Council and Disability rights commission and the official solicitor of the Supreme Court [2004] Lloyds Rep Med 451 * Re A (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [2001]) 1 FLR 594 * Re C (Adult refusal of treatment) [1994] 1 ALL ER 819 * Re J (a Minor) (Wardship: Medical treatment) (1991) Fam 33; [1990] 3 All ER 930; [1991] 2 WLR 140; Times, 03 October 1990; [1992] 1 FLR * Rumbold G, (2002) Ethics in nursing practice, Third edition, Bailere Tindall Publishing * Rundell s and Rundell L, The Nursing Contribution of the resuscitation debate, Journal of clinical nursing, 1: 195-198 * Runicman B, Merry A and Walton M (2007), Safety and ethics in healthcare; a guide to getting it right, Ashgate publishers * Schluzt L, (1998), Not for Resuscitation; two decades of challenge for nursing ethics and practice, nursing ethics, 4 (3): 227-240 * Thomson IE, Melia KM, Boyd KM and Horsburgh D, (2006) Nursing ethics, Fifth edition, Churchill Livingstone.

Social Media YouTube essay

Social Media YouTube essay Social Media: YouTube essay Social Media: YouTube essayToday, social media play an increasingly more important role in the life of society because users spend a lot of time online and they view social media as an important source of information about issues which users are concerned with. YouTube, being one of the mainstream social media, allows users to share their videos online, create their channels and, thus, create their virtual communities united by common interests. YouTube also becomes a tool of the promotion of individuals and ideas because users can use the social media to promote themselves and their ideas. In such a situation, the distinct feature of YouTube is its performativity because users publishing their videos on YouTube focus on their performativity. Otherwise, they will not attract many users and become virtually useless for other users of YouTube but the authors of those videos (Lombe Ssewamala 39). Hence, the performativity is not only the distinct feature of YouTube but also an essentia l condition of success of videos published on YouTube, whereas the public grows too concerned with the performativity that often leads to the failure of the audience to notice really significant and important issues, while perfomrability become prior to the cultural and social value of videos and messages published on YouTube. In such a way, the performativity of YouTube has a dubious effect, since, on the one hand, YouTube performativity makes it attractive and powerful social media allowing sharing visual data by users worldwide, while, on the other hand, YouTube performativity has a de structive impact on the existing legal and socio-cultural or ethical norms because often data published on YouTube violate basic rights, such as privacy or copyright, and offend existing ethical norms.At the same time, social media became generators of the mainstream culture and new trends. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that the development of social media, like YouTube, opens new opportunities for the development of virtual social communities united by their common interests. Users spend more and more time online developing their virtual social relations online. Social media become an important part of their life and virtual communities created with the help of and within social media play an important part in the development of socio-cultural norms and standards that affect the development of basic ethical and cultural norms of people and influence their lifestyle substantially.YouTube has become a highly influential media which is extremely popular among users worldwide. Today, YouTube has millions or even billions of users worldwide. This is one of the most popular social media along with FaceBook, Twitter and others. The popularity of YouTube is closely intertwined with the publishing opportunity offered by the social media because users can publish their videos both documentary and featured ones. In such a way, users get ample opportunities to share th eir videos instantly. At the same time, the distinct feature of YouTube is its perfomrability because it is the performativity of videos that attracts users and the more performable a video is the more users will watch it, the more popular it becomes.Even though YouTube focuses on sharing videos mainly, the social media still opens wide opportunities for users to share their creative ideas and make them performable. Users may be driven by different concerns, while publishing their videos and sharing information with others. Some of them may be willing to publishing some interesting facts recorded by them in the real world, while others manifest their creativity with the help of YouTube.YouTube allows watching diverse videos and channels which may vary in their content. However, the popularity of videos determines their availability to the audience that influences the perception of information by the audience. For instance, the video that has the highest number of views becomes more and more popular and becomes mainstream, even though in its essence the video may have little cultural value or poor messages (Warr 291). In fact, the point is to make videos performable. The overwhelming majority of users publishing their videos on YouTube are concerned with the popularity of their videos than their content. Such a competition encourages users to focus on performativity of their videos above all.What makes YouTube really popular and mainstream social media is its performativity because the audience receive what it wants and expects from the media, the performance, the show and entertainment with the possibility of the further communication and even interaction with other users of YouTube. For instance, users publishing the video on YouTube may expect the positive feedback from other users. If they receive a negative feedback, they may become interested in creating a new video to match the public interests. In such a way, videos become more and more performable to g ain the positive feedback from the part of other users watching them on YouTube.However, often the quantity of views determines the popularity of videos in YouTube and users erroneously associate the quality of the video with the number of views. In other words, they may believe that if the video has a large number of views, than it is good and mainstream.Furthermore, users can leave comments after the video that also contributes to the formation of specific ideas because users may conduct disputes as they leave their comments.Furthermore, videos published on YouTube may encourage users to publish their video responses that contribute to the further attraction of the users’ attention to the issue that has become the subject of controversy or dispute between users.The popularity of YouTube is, to a significant extent, determined by the interest of the audience in visual information. In fact, it is not the interest proper. To put it more precisely, users prefer YouTube because this social media provides them with visual messages which are preferable for the public than print messages for instance (Warr 290). As people perceive the information about the surrounding world with the help of vision, they naturally choose YouTube in place of other social media because they have an opportunity to receive visual information that facilitates their perception of messages conveyed via YouTube.At the same time, it is necessary to take the commercial background and opportunities offered by YouTube to its users. For instance, users can benefit from the cooperation with advertisers but they need to make their videos and channels popular to attract more advertisers. In such a way, YouTube offers business opportunities for users that stimulates the development of diverse channels to meet current demands of the public or create new ones.Social Media: YouTube essay part 2

Free Essays on Nucor Analysis

Synopsis Nucor is the second largest steel producer in the United States and most profitable in the world with over 4.5 billion in sales annually. Nucor in the world’s largest recycler, recycling over 10 million tons of scrap steel annually. Nucor descended from auto manufacturer Ransom E. Olds, who founded Oldsmobile. The company evolved into the Nuclear Corporation of America, which was involved in the nuclear instrument and electronics business in the 50’s and early 60’s. Over the next five years, Valley Sheet Metal, Vulcraft Corporation and U.S. Semi-conductor Products joined the Nuclear Corporation. After suffering several money-losing years, in 1964 F. Kenneth Iverson was installed as president. Management then decided to integrate backwards into steel making, and in 1972 they adopted the name Nucor. Since then Nucor has established itself as a leader in the steel industry through efficiency and innovation. It now employs more than 7,000 people worldwide and has exp erienced tremendous growth under its new CEO Daniel R. DiMicco. SWOT Analysis Strengths  · Low Cost Producer  · Employee/Managerial Relations  · Leading Innovator  · Low Debt Load  · Overall industry leader Weaknesses  · Dependency on scrap metal and energy supply prices  · Slow Growth in Foreign Markets Opportunities  · Forecasted increase in cash on hand  · Growth through acquisitions  · Gain market share from older and slower competitors nationwide  · Continue vertical integration of the company Threats  · Expiration of Patents and Tariffs  · Competitors imitating innovation Problem Low profitability cause by decrease in sales and sales price. Industry Evaluation The industry as a whole is classified into the GICS (Global Industry Classification Standards) sector of Materials. Nucor’s sub industry is classified simply as the steel industry. This sub industry operates under the confines of an oligopolistic market structu... Free Essays on Nucor Analysis Free Essays on Nucor Analysis Synopsis Nucor is the second largest steel producer in the United States and most profitable in the world with over 4.5 billion in sales annually. Nucor in the world’s largest recycler, recycling over 10 million tons of scrap steel annually. Nucor descended from auto manufacturer Ransom E. Olds, who founded Oldsmobile. The company evolved into the Nuclear Corporation of America, which was involved in the nuclear instrument and electronics business in the 50’s and early 60’s. Over the next five years, Valley Sheet Metal, Vulcraft Corporation and U.S. Semi-conductor Products joined the Nuclear Corporation. After suffering several money-losing years, in 1964 F. Kenneth Iverson was installed as president. Management then decided to integrate backwards into steel making, and in 1972 they adopted the name Nucor. Since then Nucor has established itself as a leader in the steel industry through efficiency and innovation. It now employs more than 7,000 people worldwide and has exp erienced tremendous growth under its new CEO Daniel R. DiMicco. SWOT Analysis Strengths  · Low Cost Producer  · Employee/Managerial Relations  · Leading Innovator  · Low Debt Load  · Overall industry leader Weaknesses  · Dependency on scrap metal and energy supply prices  · Slow Growth in Foreign Markets Opportunities  · Forecasted increase in cash on hand  · Growth through acquisitions  · Gain market share from older and slower competitors nationwide  · Continue vertical integration of the company Threats  · Expiration of Patents and Tariffs  · Competitors imitating innovation Problem Low profitability cause by decrease in sales and sales price. Industry Evaluation The industry as a whole is classified into the GICS (Global Industry Classification Standards) sector of Materials. Nucor’s sub industry is classified simply as the steel industry. This sub industry operates under the confines of an oligopolistic market structu...

Colored Fire - Where to Find Metal Salts for Colorants

Colored Fire - Where to Find Metal Salts for Colorants Ive received many requests for information about where to find the metal salts that can be used to make colored fire. Heres a list of common sources of these metal salts. If the salts are in liquid form, simply soak pinecones or logs or whatever you are burning in the liquid and let the fuel dry before use. If the salts are solids, your best bet is to try to dissolve them in a bit of alcohol and then apply them to your fire fuel. You can use water but expect a longer drying time. Fire Color - Source Green - Boric acid is probably your best source of green. Boric acid most commonly is sold as a disinfectant in the pharmacy section of a store. Copper sulfate is another metal salt that produces green fire. You can find copper sulfate, usually diluted in liquid form, in products used to control algae in pools or ponds. White - Magnesium compounds can lighten a flame color to white. You can add Epsom salts, which are used for a variety of household purposes. I usually see Epsom salts sold in the pharmacy section of stores for use as a bath soak, but the salts commonly contain sodium impurities, which will produce a yellow flame. Yellow - Your usual fire will be yellow already, but if you are burning a fuel that produces a blue flame, for example, you can turn it from green to yellow by adding sodium salt, such as common table salt. Orange - Calcium chloride produces orange fire. Calcium chloride is sold as a desiccant and as a road de-icing agent. Just be sure the calcium chloride isnt mixed with sodium chloride or else the yellow from the sodium will overpower the orange from the calcium. Red - Strontium salts produce red colored fire. The easiest way to get strontium is to break open a red emergency flare, which you can find in the automotive section of stores. Road flares contain their own fuel and oxidizer, so this material burned vigorously and very brightly. Lithium produces a beautiful red flame, too. You can get lithium from certain lithium batteries. Purple - Purple or violet flames may be produced by adding potassium chloride to the fire. Potassium chloride is sold as lite salt or salt substitute in the spice section of the grocery store. Blue - You can get blue fire from copper chloride. I am not aware of a widely-available source of copper chloride. You can produce it by dissolving copper wire (easy to locate) in muriatic acid (sold in building supply stores). This would be an outdoors-only type of reaction and not something I really recommend doing unless you have a little chemistry experience... but if youre determined, dissolve a piece of copper in a solution of 3% hydrogen peroxide (sold as a disinfectant) to which you have added sufficient muriatic acid (hydrochloric acid) to make 5% HCl solution.

Biomedical Ethics Should healthcare be public or private Essay

Biomedical Ethics Should healthcare be public or private - Essay Example Grounded in the concepts of fairness, equity, and solidarity, Canada’s system ensures that people can access health care in the public sectors. Nonetheless, a debate on whether Canada and abroad ensures the right to health is rampant. Whereas some stipulate that Canada fails to offer the human rights to healthcare, others point out that the Canada’s system of health care is sufficient despite the failure to put the phrase of human rights in their documents. As such, exploration on whether the rights to healthcare are explored in Canada’s system of healthcare is paramount. This essay clarifies that the Canadian health care system ensures that all people have the right to healthcare despite the fact that the phrase human right lacks in documentation. Typically, the healthcare system in Canada is publicly funded hence; access to health services is free for all members within the country. As directed by the implementation of Canada health act, the government assures all its citizens access quality health care. The fact that healthcare is public means that accessing healthcare is cost effective thus; catering for the needs of all people notwithstanding their economic status. Every doctor in every province should claim the insurance from provincial insurers. Canada’s private insurance is kept very minimal to avoid competition from advertisements of commercial insurers and health providers that may interfere with the quality of healthcare. Although to some point competition may be regarded as good, in the case of healthcare in Canada, it is not. This is because it may lead to privatization and marginalization of some economically unstable individuals who may lose trust with the public centers, but may not afford the private centers. The term rights to health care is particularly important to the poor people who are technically disadvantaged in terms of accessing costly health care. Kluge defines this kind of people as those who are known as congenitally incompetent patients who lack the cognitive awareness and will never be competent . Therefore, a country that ensures that all people can access affordable and quality care at their disposal is one that respects the individual’s rights to healthcare. With this view, Canada is one of those countries that respect and fulfill the principle of individual’s right to healthcare. One of the values that guide the provisions of healthcare in Canada is portability. Here, portability means that citizens of the country can access healthcare at any province within the country as long as one carries his or her card. This implies that incase one is travelling and gets an emergency; there is no call for alarm. Likewise, people who move from provinces to provinces as a requirement of their jobs do need to undergo unnecessary procedures to ensure that they acquire affordable healthcare. The notion of this principle implies that people can access medical care at any place w ithout any limitation (Baylis 152). A keen look at this concept indicates that human rights to healthc

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment - Essay Example Today they give much emphasis on infrastructural changes which can reduce the impacts of those unforeseen contingencies. Many of the ultra modern inventions add to the ongoing environmental issues this way or that. This paper will critically analyse the problems associated with developmental activities and possible remedies that civil engineers can adopt in order for meeting those challenges. Challenges for civil engineers The supersonic growth of modern world necessitates various types of productive activities which would ultimately cause environmental issues. It is not possible to stop constructional activities in order to safeguard the environment. Hence, the civil engineers face extreme challenges with regard to developing protective infrastructure models. In contrast, the rampant growth of construction industry weakens the effectiveness of infrastructural developments. The following parts would introduce some of the recent environmental issues and possible solutions to address t hem. A. Global warming Global warming refers to the phenomenon of increase in the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere, which will result in the increase in volume of water and a consequent rise in the sea-level. The earth absorbs most of the thermal radiations like infrared radiation from the sun and reflects back the remaining part to the atmosphere. These reflected heats are trapped by the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane and ozone; and this process causes the rise in atmospheric temperature. This green house effect due to the existence of green houses gases is the main cause of global warming. Majority scientists are of the opinion that human activities amplify the emission of greenhouse gases and hence global warming. For instance, when refrigerator functions, it releases a harmful compound called chlorofluorocarbon which causes the depletion of ozone layer and contributes to global warming. Similarly, most of the production and constructio n processes emit toxic gases that also deepen the problem. Although there are number of green house gases in the atmosphere, among them carbon dioxide, which is mainly produced as a result of increase in fossil fuel burning vehicles plays major role. The warmer air boosts the water evaporation which produces excessive water vapour in the atmosphere and subsequently the same cycle process repeats. The climate change is the most disastrous outcome of global warming and related environmental difficulties including diminution in agricultural yields. It is too practicable to cut the use of refrigerator or vehicles in order to minimise the CO2 emission; the only way is to develop improved technology which would impede the problem in future. The invention of non fossil fuels such as solar energy and nuclear energy may help to answer the issue of global warming because they normally do not cause carbon emission. Civil engineers can do a lot in addressing the impacts of global warming which in turn will minimise the climate changes. As suggested in Minority report on global warming and the role of civil engineering, engineers should try to develop infrastructural frame works with the minimum usage of ‘concrete foundations, kiln-fired brick and concrete walling blocks, steel or concrete frames, ground-bearing floor slabs, glass, aluminium and steel profile sheeting’

Corporate Fundraising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Corporate Fundraising - Essay Example It is worth mentioning in this context that corporate fundraising options available to a particular business depends on various factors including the size of the company which further signifies its certification as a public or a proprietary company as per the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (â€Å"A Practitioner’s Guide to Corporate Law†, 2007). To be noted, as per the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) Section 45A, a proprietary company can be limited or unlimited with share capital. Another type of company identifies as per the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) is the public company wherein the Section 195 of the Act specifies that â€Å"public company means a company other than a proprietary company† (â€Å"Corporations Act 2001† 2005). Also, the corporate name of a proprietary company is distinct to that of a public company, i.e. a limited proprietary company is denoted with the abbreviation â€Å"Pty. Ltd.† while an unlimited proprietary company is abbreviated as â€Å"Pty.† Contextually, the public limited companies are denoted as â€Å"Ltd.† at the end of the registered name of the entity (â€Å"Corporations Act 2001† 2005). With reference to this context, The Green Coffee Company Ltd can be identified as a public limited company which shall further determine its fundraising obligations when attempting to invest in an international expansion venture to Vietnam. One of the major differences and opportunities for The Green Coffee Company Ltd in fundraising, being a public limited company, is that it can issue equities or sell its debentures or shares to â€Å"more than 50 non-employee shareholders† through the obligatory issuing of prospectus where proprietary companies (either limited or unlimited) are exempted from such permits (â€Å"Corporate Law† 2011). From a managerial concern, fundraising activities performed by organizations such as The Green Coffee Company Ltd will quite essentially give rise to company liabilities and thus seize the risk of affecting shareholders’ or investors’ interests.  

Case Study in Exerise Psychology ( Msc ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study in Exerise Psychology ( Msc ) - Essay Example One such example can be identified in the case of Client A, a 29-year old male junior project manager in a multinational software developing company for almost two years. As he needs to work for five days from Monday to Friday and for 12 hours each day, it becomes quite difficult for him to continue with adequate physical exercise on a regular basis. Moreover, Client A is required to travel away for work frequently which again provides perceived barrier to the performance of regular exercises. Client A used to perform physical exercise regularly before joining the organization. Recently, he noticed an increase in body weight and reduction in the energy and enthusiasm in work. He was also becoming more stressed at the workplace because he was no longer able to devote sufficient time to his health which in turn started hampering his performance. The organisation encourages continuous professional development of their employees including constant monitoring and counselling by the prospe ctive senior officials. In one of the counselling sessions, the senior project manager found that the client was experiencing high levels of stress as a result of not being able to make sufficient time for personal development including regular physical exercise. Thus, he advised Client A to consult a sport psychologist who would efficiently guide him in maintaining his body fitness without compromising with his job responsibilities. Key Challenges Observed in the Case It is well-identifiable from the aforementioned case that the absence of physical exercise was creating a mental pressure on Client A signifying the effect of exercise on the mental health of a person. It was stronger in the current case as a result of Client A’s previous involvement in regular practitioner of physical exercise and has already been aware of its positive affects. This in turn influences his self-determination (the will to achieve a desired goal), self-confidence (the belief to achieve a desired performance) and physical anxiety (nervousness felt by an individual regarding his/her physical ability) to a certain extent (Weinberg & Gould, 2010). Due to the decrease in these factors, he tends to display emotional outburst in the workplace and possess an increased stress level. When first employed by the organisation, he was recognised as a consistent performer which is now noticeably reducing due to his increased stress levels and the resultant behaviour. Therefore, the key challenges for the sports psychologist are to determine ways in which Client A can participate in regular physical activity without compromising with his job responsibilities. These interventions should be based within the cognitive and humanistic approaches. In this regard, analyzing the various aspects regarding Client A’s psychological influence can also be termed a key challenge. Findings of the Case According to the self-determination theory, external environmental factors have a strong influenc e on the mental health of a person which determines their readiness for physical exercise (Ryan & Deci, 2007). The readiness can be further defined as autonomy, competence and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2007). It is worth mentioning that the various facets of self-determination theory are intrinsically related to the (Ryan & Deci, 2007). In order to implement the theory in the real practise to identify the various psychological and cognitive factors influencing Client A’s readiness to physical exercise, the psychologist implemented repetitive

Set operations and Venn diagrams. week 5 MAT Essay

Set operations and Venn diagrams. week 5 MAT - Essay Example So using the example above, cars, buses and vans should be written inside the circle for land vehicles, while rafts and yachts belong to the circle for water vehicles. It is also possible that an object possesses both characteristics. For example, if you want to use a Venn diagram to organize a variety of tools based on whether it is for kitchen (circle 1) or for plumbing (circle 2), you know that scissors belong to both circles. To represent this, we write ‘scissors’ in the overlap of two circles. What if you have an object that does not have any of the characteristics represented by your circles? Then you simply put its name outside the overlapping circles, to signify that it does not belong to any of the groups. Taking the Venn diagram of tools, you know that a watering can does not belong to either kitchen or plumbing tools because it is a gardening tool. Thus, you put ‘watering can’ outside the overlapping

Liquidity Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liquidity Function - Essay Example Liquidity preference is the desire to hold cash. The money in cash and the rate of interest which is demanded in exchange for it is a "measure of the degree of our disquietude (ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR), 2005)." The rate of interest, in Keynes' words, is the "premium which has to be offered to induce people to hold the wealth in some form other than hoarded money." The higher the liquidity preference, the higher will be the rate of interest that will have to be paid to the holders of cash to induce them to part with their liquid assets. The lower the liquidity preference the lower will be the rate of interest that will be paid to the cash-holders. Transaction Motive: This motive is related to the "need of cash for the current transactions of personal and business exchanges." It is further divided into the income and business motives. The income motive is meant "to bridge the interval between the receipt of income and its disbursement", and similarly, the business motive is "the interval between the time of incurring business costs and that of the receipt of the sale proceeds." Precautionary Motive: The precautionary motive relates to the "the desire to provide for contingencies regarding sudden expenditures and for unforeseen opportunities of advantageous purchases." Banks keep cash in reserve to meet unexpected needs. Individuals hold some cash to provide for illness, accident, unemployment and other unforeseen contingencies. Money under the speculative motive is for "securing profit from knowing better than the market what the future will bring forth." Liquidity Vs Profitability Short run trade-off exists between liquidity and profitability. Other things remaining constant, the more liquid a bank the lower its return on equity and return on assets (The Banker, 2004). Both asset and liability liquidity contribute to this relationship. Facts about liquidity of a bank: The more liquid a bank, the less profitable the bank Liquid assets earn less than illiquid assets. The shorter the maturity, the lower the yield. The highest yielding loans are loans with the highest default or interest rate risk and are therefore the least liquid. Asset liquidity is influenced by the composition and maturity of funds i.e. the ease with which a bank can convert assets to cash with a minimum loss (Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of National Banks, 2001). Large holdings of cash assets evidently decrease profits because of the opportunity loss of interest income. In terms of investment portfolio, short-term securities yield lower returns compared to long-term securities. As investors value price stability and therefore long-term securities pay a yield premium over short term securities, to induce the investors to extend their holding period. For banks that purchase short-term securities, this increases the liquidity but at higher potential returns. For example, in an environment where market expectations are constant for short-term treasury yields, the treasury yield curve will slope upwards, reflecting liquidity premiums that increase with maturity. A bank's loan portfolio displays the same trade-off where the loans carrying the higher yields are the least

Set operations and Venn diagrams. week 5 MAT Essay

Set operations and Venn diagrams. week 5 MAT - Essay Example So using the example above, cars, buses and vans should be written inside the circle for land vehicles, while rafts and yachts belong to the circle for water vehicles. It is also possible that an object possesses both characteristics. For example, if you want to use a Venn diagram to organize a variety of tools based on whether it is for kitchen (circle 1) or for plumbing (circle 2), you know that scissors belong to both circles. To represent this, we write ‘scissors’ in the overlap of two circles. What if you have an object that does not have any of the characteristics represented by your circles? Then you simply put its name outside the overlapping circles, to signify that it does not belong to any of the groups. Taking the Venn diagram of tools, you know that a watering can does not belong to either kitchen or plumbing tools because it is a gardening tool. Thus, you put ‘watering can’ outside the overlapping

Principles of manegement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of manegement - Essay Example Each level of management has its role and contribution to the overall affairs and processes of running an organisation. This is because each unit and each section of an organisation has its function and this comes together in the organisational chart of an organisation which coordinates affairs. The strategic level of management is the topmost level of management and it is involved in the long-term planning and setting the tone for the running of the entire organisation (Hill & Jones, 2012). The strategic level of management is involved with defining the tone of business and affairs because it is made up of the topmost managers who derive their authority directly from the owners of the organisation (Cole, 2013). The operational level management of an organisation consists of the middle ranked managers and they take up management roles that are based on targets and standards set by the top level management (Freeman, 2010). They take up instructions from the top of the organisation and implement them. Usually, they also give instructions to the tactical level management. They are involved in medium term planning and functional units of an organisation (Freeman, 2010). Tactical level management are in charge of the actual implementation of ideas and instructions from the operational level on the ground (Barlow, 2013). They are seen as the frontline managers and they act as supervisors to the working core and the main workers. They are responsible for short-term decision making and they deal with the operational core of the organisation. In Tesco, the CEO and the Board members form the strategic management unit. Down the line, the regional functional managers and store managers who come below the top managers in the organisational chart form the operational core. The supervisors and teams on the retail floor are the tactical managers and they take decisions that are in charge of the day-to-day running of the organisation. Management culture refers

The positive aspects of media Essay Example for Free

The positive aspects of media Essay Media is part of our everyday life. We take the knowledge we get through newspapers, television, the Internet and radio for granted and often we tend to focus on the negative influence it has on the society. In this essay I am going to discuss aspects of media which can also have a negative impact but which usually benefit the world we live in. The media is easily accessible one can buy a newspaper in any city of the world or find a television or radio signal. People know a lot more than they did a century ago. For example, media plays an important role in educating people about health and diet. There are articles in newspapers which give general tips about how to be more healthy but also stories which tell people to do regular check-ups for cancer. The fact that media is accessible and educates people might be part of the reason why modern people live longer. The fact that media is widespread contributes to the fact that it cannot be controlled by a single authority. The media brings many different views to the public and anyone who has access to the Internet can write his own opinion about the matter at hand. A few years ago in Estonia there was a conflict between two different nationalities the Estonians and the Russians. The conflict was about different historical opinions and since practice showed that the two parties cannot come to an agreement by talking things through, the Internet was a good place to find different arguments on both sides and calmly come to an agreement. Media acted as a bridge or mediator between the two sides of conflict. We can rely on the knowledge we get through the media when we have seen or heard the person who has immediate contact with the matter at hand. Our knowledge has to be reliable because otherwise we would be unable to have a justified opinion about different issues. Millions of people watched the elections of Americas president. The television helped them to develop an opinion about the worlds most powerful man and rely on the fact that he is not made up or and everything they know about him is cohering with what they have read from the newspapers. Besides the negative aspects of the media it also has a lot of positive factors. For example it is easily accessible, it mirrors many different viewpoints of different matters and it also brings us the immediate experience of the events instead of hearing about them from another source. The media has many aspects which deserve praise and which make our society to be more democratic and educated.

Implementation Factor Affecting E-governance in Uttarakhan

Implementation Factor Affecting E-governance in Uttarakhan Jitender Kumar Sehgal, Dr. Priti Dimri, Krishna Nand Rastogi Abstract e-Governance is the utilization of Internet and the world wide web for delivering government Information and services to the citizens and the other organizations. Uttarakhand is one of the leading states in implementation of e-Governance but still there are lot of challenges in effective and efficient implementation at rural level or hilly areas. This paper highlights the factors that are affecting the implementation of e-Governance in Uttarakhand it also includes a survey which takes all the factors into an account and before starting a actual survey a preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility for this questionnaire was done which confirms its acceptance. Keywords: E- governance, Common Service Centers, M-Government Introduction E-Governance refers to approach â€Å" How government utilized IT, ICT, and other web based telecommunication technologies to improve and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in public sector. Government of Uttarakhand has implemented a number of projects implementation of e-governance. The website of almost every government department has been launched so as to provide as their services online, for this purpose Government of Uttarakhand has launched www.uk.gov.in where we can access a short description of a particular government department and its related website links. The description of 46 departments is available on this website. In addition to large no. of Common Service Center (CSC) are also provided for convenience of rural and hilly areas of citizens . But there are some hurdles due to which hilly area/rural area citizens are not able to access e-Governance services. In this survey an attempt to collect the factors that affect the implementation of e-Governance is done so that the necessary actions can be made for its efficient and effective implementation. Common Service Centers The CSC is a strategic cornerstone of the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), as part of its commitment in the National Common Minimum Programmed to introduce e-governance on a massive scale. The CSCs would provide high quality and cost-effective video, voice and data content and services, in the areas of e-governance, education, health, telemedicine, entertainment as well as other private services. A highlight of the CSCs is that it will offer web-enabled e-governance services in rural areas, including application forms, certificates, and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water bills. The Scheme creates a conducive environment for the private sector and NGOs to play an active role in implementation of the CSC Scheme, thereby becoming a partner of the government in the development of rural India. The PPP model of the CSC scheme envisages a 3-tier structure consisting of the CSC operator (called Village Level Entrepreneur or VLE) the Service Centre Agency (SCA), that will be responsible for a division of 500-1000 CSCs and a State Designated Agency (SDA) identified by the State Government responsible for managing the implementation over the entire State. M-Government M-Government, is the extension ofe-Governmentto mobile platforms, as well as the strategic use of government services and applications which are only possible using cellular/mobile telephones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) andwirelessinternet infrastructure. M-Government is now evolving on four dimensions transforming e-Government services directly to the mobile platform, providing access to mobile technologies and application for the field workers of the public sector, enabling smart / flex working and providing citizen services any time, any where. Analysis Factor This survey considers all the factors affecting the services of e-governance at urban and rural or hilly areas. It includes major factors and all those factors are taken as question which can be answered in two different ways (yes or no) according to which we take better services and form government and suggests some specific points to government of Uttarakhand for better implementation of e-governance services. According to the survey the respondents can be classified into two categories are as follows: Rural/ Urban Citizens Hilly areas citizens Category Factors General Questions Do you access internet in your daily life? Do you have internet connection? Is there any CSC in your village ? Do you have electricity in your village? Do you have proper road facility in your village? E-governance Have you heard about e-governance and its services? Do you prefer to use governance services online? Is the access to government links or websites (c.1) Easy? (c.2) Time Saving? (c.3) Accessible from Home? (c.4) Secure and safe? Common Service Centre (CSC’s) (a) Have you ever visited CSC centre? (If Yes, Please attempt the following) (b) Where do you access CSC ? (b.1) In your city or village (b.2) Nearby your city or village (b.3) Is it easy to access that CSC (If No, Please mention the reason/reasons) (b.4) Distance to be travelled in KM (b.5) Is Proper road facility available (b.5) Is the travel expensive? (b.6) Is there any Misguidance by agents (b.7) Is the procedure Complicated ? (b.8) Are all the staff members of CSC centre available at your visiting time? (b.9) Which medium of instructions are used by the staff? (b.9.1) Hindi (b.9.1) Garhwali (b.9.1) English (b.10) Do you think the staff members at the centre are well trained? (b.11) Are the staffs co-operative? (b.12) Do the staffs ask for more money than the prescribed fee? (b.13) Are you satisfied with the cooperation of the CSC staff on duty? (b.14) Is there any delay in submission of forms at the counter? Common Service Centers Facilities (a) Do you know common service centre provides following services? (Check Yes if already known) (a.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (a.2) Issue of Death Certificate (a.3) Issue of Licenses (a.4) Issue of Dependent Certificate (a.5) Issue of Bus Passes (a.6) Issue of Dependent Certificate (a.7) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (a.8) Issue of ID-Card (a.9) Registration of Vehicle related services (a.10) Issue of Affidavits (a.11) Submission of Passport Applications (a.12) Issue of No Objection Certificates (a.13) Services to Pensioners (a.14) Issue of Marriage Certificate (b) Do you know the procedure to get the services from Common Service Centre? (c) Which services have you ever accessed from CSC centre? (c.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (c.2) Issue of Death Certificate (c.3) Issue of Licenses (c.4) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.5) Issue of Bus Passes (c.6) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.7) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (c.8) Issue of ID-Card (c.9) Registration with Road Transport Office(RTO) (c.10) Issue of Affidavits (c.11) Submission of Passport Applications (c.12) Issue of No Objection Certificates (c.13) Services to Pensioners (c.14) Issue of Marriage Certificate (c.15) Issue of Bus/ Train Passes. (d) Do you know that you can check the status of your queries at website of CSC centre? (If Yes, attempt the following) (d.1) Are you satisfied with the services provided by CSC’s centre? (d.2) Do you think some other services should be available at CSC centre ? If Yes, Please mention: E-Governance in Hilly Areas (e) According to you, what are the reasons due to them e-Governance is not successful implemented in Hilly Area? (Please tick from the given factors) (e.1) Illiteracy (e.2) Digital Divide (e.3) Improper Infrastructure (e.4) Shortage of funds (e.5) Government policies (e.6) Available at Short Distance (e.7) Not proper road to reach the CSC (e.8) Cost involved to visit a CSC (e.9) Non-existence of kiosks in Villages. Helps in Controlling Corruption (f) CSC is helps in controlling corruption? (If Yes, Please choose from the reasons given below) (f.1) Single window system to apply (f.2) Applying directly to CSC (f.3) Work completed with in a time period (f.4) Government officials are responsible for their assigned work (f.5) No person will have to come face to face Interaction with a government officials Which helps in to reduce corruption. General terms about Uttarakhand (g) General terms about Uttarakhand, are you already familiar? (g.1) Population 10,086,292 (g.1) Literacy rate is about 78.82% (g.2) Rural population is 69.77%. (g.3) Urban population is 30.23%. (g.4) Number of CSC centres at Uttarakhand level is 1641. (g.5)Name of Project Consultant:- Unit A – M/s Nekton IT India Private Ltd. (NIIPL) Unit B – M/s Reliance Communication Ltd Unit C – M/s Reliance Communication Ltd (g.5) Roll out of CSCs as under in – Unit A (Dehradun, Uttarkashi, Rudraprayag and Tehri ) 706 Unit B (Haridwar, Chamoli,Pauri Garhwal, Almora, Bageshwar) 1394 Unit C (Nainital, Pithoragarh, Champawat, Udham Singh Nagar) 704 (g.6) Total cost of implementing a CSCs is about Rs 2.56 crores Role of Uttarakhand Government (h.1) All government services will be put online. (h.2) Common service centres will be opened throughout the state to give single window for all government work. (h.3) State Data Centre would provide many functionalities like Central Repository of the State, Secure Data Storage, Online Delivery of Services, Citizen Information/Services Portal, State Intranet Portal, Disaster Recovery, Remote Management and Service Integration etc. (h.4) The e-District project is developed to improve the efficiency of the various Departments under the district-level to enable seamless service delivery to the citizen . (h.5) Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network (UK-SWAN) UK-SWAN project is almost in the final stage of completion by 13 establishing around 135 POPs in all the Districts, 84 Tehsils and 95 Blocks in the state. (h.6) Many Uttarakhand departments like Forest Department, Police Department, Finance Department, Tourism Department and Cooperative Department etc. are taken up for formulation of MMPs initially. Some projects are as- Gyanotkarsh (low-interest/easily repayable loans to all government employees and teachers for purchase of computers for the home segment), Aarohi (distribution of Computers in schools), Shikhar (Computer education through colleges), Shiksha (Provide training to teachers of government/ non government schools) Conclusion Improvement in the e-Governance services in rural or hilly areas is needed for its overall effective and efficient implementation. This questionnaire also helps to find some factors are considered due to which rural or hilly area people are not able to access e-Governance services and setting the stage for the transformation from e-Government to m-Government. References: Home.nic.in/projects/e-district-uttarakhand www.uk.gov.in Egov.elesonline.com/2013/03/e-governance-in-dev-bhoomi Itda.uk.gov.in/pages/displays/995-csc http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttarakhand.html http://itda.uk.gov.in/pages/display/995-csc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Wide_Area_ Network https://sites.google.com/site/uttarakhandswan/ Appendix A questionnaire on survey of Implementation Factor That Affect E-Governance In Uttarakhand. Please take few minutes to fill out the questionnaire. 1.Name: 2.Gender: Female: 3.Age: 18-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-70 4:City/Village: 5:State: (b.10) Do you think the staff members at the centre are well trained? (b.11) Are the staff co-operative? (b.12) Do the staff ask for more money than the prescribed fee? (b.13) Are you satisfied with the cooperation of the CSC staff on duty? (b.14) Is there any delay in submission of forms at the counter? Common Service Centre Facilities (a) Do you know that common service centre provides following services? (Check Yes if already known) (a.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (a.2) Issue of Death Certificate (a.3) Issue of Licenses (a.4) Issue of Dependent Certificate (a.5) Issue of Bus Passes (a.6) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (a.7) Issue of ID-Card (a.8) Registration of Vehicle related services (a.9) Issue of Affidavits (a.10) Submission of Passport Applications (a.11) Issue of No Objection Certificates (a.12) Services to Pensioners (a.14) Issuance of Marriage Certificate (b) Do you know the procedure to get the services from Common Service Centre? (c) Which services have you ever accessed from CSC centres? (c.1) Issue of Birth Certificate (c.2) Issue of Death Certificate (c.3) Issue of Character Certificate (c.4) Issue of Licenses (c.5) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.6) Issue of Bus Passes (c.7) Issue of Dependent Certificate (c.8) Issue of Unmarried Certificate (c.9) Issue of ID-Card (c.10) Registration with Road Transport Office (RTO) (c.11) Issue of Affidavits (c.12) Submission of Passport Applications (c.13) Issue of No Objection Certificates (c.14) Services to Pensioners (c.15) Issue of Bus/ Train Passes (d) Do you know that you can check the status of your queries at website of CSC ? (If Yes, attempt the following) (d.1) Are you satisfied with the services provided by CSC’s ? (d.2) Do you think some other services should be available at CSC ? If Yes, Please mention: E-Governance in Hilly Areas According to you, what are the reasons due to them e-Governance is not successfully implemented in Hilly Area? (Please tick from the given factors) (e.1) Illiteracy (e.2) Digital divide (e.3) Improper infrastructure (e.4) Shortage of funds (e.5) Government policies (e.6) Available at Short distance (e.7) Not proper road to reach the CSC (e.8) Cost involved to visit a CSC (e.9) Non-existence of kiosks in Villages. Helpful in Controlling Corruption (f) CSC is helpful in controlling corruption? (If Yes, Please choose from the reasons given below) (f.1) Single window system to apply (f.2) Applying directly to CSC (f.3) Work completed within a time period (f.4) Government officials are responsible for their assigned work (f.5) No person will have to come face to face with government officials which helps in reducing corruption.

Special Education Needs Policy Essay -- Education, inclusion

Introduction Early years providers regardless of type, size or funding must comply with the legal requirements set out within the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS) so as to meet the needs of all children within the setting (DCSF 2008a, p11). The objective of this report is to critically evaluate the Special Educational Needs Policy used in a setting which support anti discriminatory practice and promote inclusion (appendix 2). Within the context of a faith based early years setting in Dewsbury. The Warnock Report (Special Educational Needs1978) introduced the concept of ‘inclusion’ in the form of ‘integration’ with regard to children with special educational needs, suggesting that mainstream settings would be preferable to ‘Special Schools’. Gates and Edwards (2007) outline, prior to this report, the terms â€Å"Handicapped† or â€Å"Educationally subnormal† were acceptable terms, based on an apparent culture of a medical model, where the disabled person is the problem, governed by their disability. An example might be a child labelled with Down ’s syndrome as their identifying features, instead of their name (Courtman 2010). As legislation has continued to develop, so have attitudes towards disability. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005, set out duties for employers and many public services. Further changes arose from the Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. It became unlawful to discriminate against disabled children, and by 2004, â€Å"...reasonable adjustments...† were expected to improve access within the physical environment, for disabled people. The introduction of the Children Act 2004 saw the introduction of the Every Child Matters (ECM) (DCFS 2008d). In addition the publication Removing Barriers to Achievement ... ... re-evaluate and challenge anti discriminatory practice at a cultural level however the changing of others attitudes can be difficult but not impossible. Article 23 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) (UNICEF 2007, online) recognise the disability of a child should not reduce the child’s right to education and children with any kind of disability has the right to special care and support. â€Å"Equality of opportunity means that each individual in society experiences opportunities to achieve and flourish which are as good as the opportunities experienced by others† (Griffin 2008, p.12). TTRB (2009) Models of Disability and Special Educational Needs. [Online]. Available: http://sen.ttrb.ac.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?Keyword=Special+Educational+Needs&SearchOption=Phrase&SearchType=Keyword&RefineExpand=1&ContentId=15708 [27/12/2010]