Civilizations arose Essay Example for Free

Civilizations arose Essay In letter from Birmingham Jail, King considers the question, How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? what is his answer? what do you think of the distinctions he makes? be sure to support your position with evidence taken from your reading, your own experiences and/or your observation of others. By definition, laws must be followed. They are created as guidelines such that there would be peace and order. However, there are those people who do not support the laws; some because they do not know what they are, others because they are just naturally stubborn but there are also those who do not advocate them because they do not believe in what those laws stand for. One classic example of the last reason for disobedience to law can be manifested in Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail. Here the question How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? was asked, to this, he raised the idea of just and unjust laws. Genius as he was, he was able to present a clear explanation of what he meant by such concepts and I am more than impressed with his qualification, which made me agree about his interpretation of this delineation of laws. Indeed, it is justified not to advocate â€Å"unjust† laws because they are not completely binding, thus, are discriminatory over the minority. In the question asked above, King answered â€Å"The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all. †Ã¢â‚¬  For someone to accept King’s argument, his idea of â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws must first be cleared out. In the said letter, He says â€Å"An unjust law is a code that numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself† (160). This was corollary to his arrest while doing protest against racial segregation. The protests and Kings confinement ask us about unjust laws, public morality, and ethical behaviors in the society. King talks about the blindness of clergymen and governors and how they do not see African American as a part of the society and their refusal to accept them when in fact, African Americans have taken their parts in the society ever since they came to America. The author questions the churchs authenticity and loyalty over their religious responsibility to guide everyone to the eternal will of God which is peace and love. He also points out how we naturally know what is right and what is wrong because we have moral consciousness. Yet, the American society has not changed a bit. Further distinction between â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† laws as presented by King lies on their relationship with the moral law, or that which is according to the law of God. Just laws made by men must be in harmony with eternal and natural laws and that they should be able to uplift human personality, otherwise, they are unjust. Thus, men are to uphold the earlier and by virtue of morality should denounce the latter. He then stressed that segregation statutes are unjust because the practice distorts the human soul and also causes damage to one’s personality. This is because it makes the segregator develop an idea of superiority over the segregated and oftentimes make the latter feel inferior. It creates a separation between â€Å"we† or the majority and â€Å"they† the minority and they usually make the second group feel less about their selves and are actually not treated as equals. This was the scenario that was taking place during that period, there were discriminations against the Negros, and such was strongly opposed by king. Taking all that has been said in the Letter, I am able to derive my own understanding of the just and unjust laws that King was talking about. In my comprehension, he considers a law unjust if it is selectively applicable. This means that a certain law can be bestowed to one but will rule out the other. In simple comparison, it is like politics inside the classroom. There is always this â€Å"in† (i. e. cheerleaders, athletes) group and the â€Å"outcast† (i. e. geeks, nerds, physically challenged, etc) and there are instances that the earlier will come up with something (like parties, games, etc) and they would allow everyone to join except for the â€Å"outcast† group basically because they are outcast and the status quo embraces such tradition thus will not see anything wrong about it. This may seem to be an oversimplification of the idea but that would somehow present the gist of it. The presence of what could be considered as unjust laws can actually still be seen at present. In Islam practicing countries, they have this culture of having certain rules to follow and distance to be maintained when interacting with Na-Mahram or those people other than the members of their family. Thus, if they reacted rudely to the Na-Mahram, their actions would be justified by this certain law or rule. They will be punished if they did wrong to people other than the Na-Mahram otherwise, their action is generally called for. In this scenario, the law or rule only applies to the favor of the Islam practitioner and excludes the Na-Mahram, thus if examined under King’s concept, it is unjust. Moreover, I have read about this country in Asia wherein the President has been ousted out of power and was convicted of a crime of plunder. Unjust application of the law can be seen here because that President did not serve his sentence in prison, rather in one of his mansions claiming to be sick; they called it house arrest. Then, after several years, he was granted absolute pardon by the new President. The worst thing about this is that the deposed President was again given the chance to run for the same government post came Election Day. There is an apparent double standard in the application of the law because of all the favors that this person got as if compared to the common people who had to serve their sentences in the scanty and stinky prison cells, convicted or otherwise. Civilizations arose as early as the practice of socialization began and as early as those times, men are already suffering from unfair treatments. There were different people in different places, but majority of them rather lived under the rules than by the rules because the rules were unethical and inequitable. The history of slavery in America is a good example of unethical conduct. There were rules and laws, but they were for superiors because enslaved people had no rights at all. Moreover, these rules, regulations, and laws were unfair and one-sided. The fight for the right of suffrage is yet another example because although it is a sign of independence, initially, only males of the upper class are allowed to participate. Blacks and women are disregarded; they were exemptions to the rule. Given the understanding of unjust laws, Martin Luther King Jr indeed cannot be blamed for being selective of the laws to follow because certain laws are also selective of their application. Why would one advocate a law that would disadvantage or would undermine him? Laws should be created to provide order and peace so that people will leave in harmony and not to perpetuate the power or dominance of the majority over the minority. All people have rights, thus all people must be equal in front of the law. No man shall be superior over the other and if one errs he shall have the same punishment as the others who committed the same crime. There should be no exemption to this no matter who they are or where they came from. Therefore, if one country, state or nation would want their laws to be advocated by all of their citizens, they must ensure that they create one body of law that would cater to everyone; no exemptions, special treatments or discrimination. Laws are virtuous if they are created and are applied as such; otherwise, disobedience by the marginalized groups could not be prevented nor could be questioned.

Animal Farm - George Orwell Essay -- Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm George Orwell 128 Pages George Orwell, the pen name of Eric Blair, was born in Bengal in 1903. He was educated at Eton School in England, and then served with the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. He returned to Europe and became a writer of novels and essays. Much of his work was political, and although he had a hatred of Communism, he was a socialist. Orwell died at the age of forty-seven of a lung problem, leaving behind several unfinished works. Animal Farm is a parody of the Communist revolution in Russia, and as a result its themes are the evils of totalitarianism and selfishness, and also the importance of hard work. Animal Farm tells the story of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, but from a viewpoint slightly more comical: that of a farm in England. The story begins in a barn, where a boar on the farm named Old Major has gathered the other animals to tell them of a dream he had, a dream of a world in which humans do not rule over other animals. Old Major encourag es the animals of the farm to revolt against Mr. Jones, the owner of the farm. Not long after, he dies, but the animals keep his ideas of Animalism (which is essentially Communism) alive and the pigs, who are the most clever animals on the farm, begin to plan a revolution. One day, the workers on the farm forget to feed the animals, and so some of the more powerful horses break down the door to the barn where the feed is stored, and the animals enjoy a feast. When Mr. Jones learns of this, however, he immediately orders all of the animals to be punished appropriately. As they are being whipped and beaten, the animals suddenly turn on the workers. The humans, who had no way of anticipating such an attack, are scared off of the farm. When the animals realize what has happened, they go back to the main barn to discuss the recent events. Two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume control of the farm, and the animals immediately declare the farmhouse to be a sort of museum, in which no anim al should enter. The pigs then reveal that they had been learning how to read and write for the entire time in which the revolution was being planned, and the animals agree on seven basic rules, which they called the Seven Commandments. The Seven Commandments consist of the following: ? Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. ? Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. ? No animal sha... ...t day, while the animals are working, Clover comes rushing into the fields telling the other animals to follow her. When they do, they see Squealer walking on his hind legs. Then, the door to the farmhouse swings open and Napoleon comes out, also on his hind legs and with a whip in his hand. Afterwards, the animals do not find it strange that they are being whipped while working, except for Clover, who again looks at the Commandments. She finds that the seventh reads “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.'; That evening, some carts approach the farmhouse, and the animals see a procession of humans entering. Fearful but curious, they look into the window and see the humans and pigs sitting at a large table, with Napoleon at the head. Mr. Pilkington makes a toast to the prosperity of Animal Farm, and as the animals are walking away, a loud shout comes from the farmhouse, and they go back to see what happened. There they find that Napoleon and Pilkington had both played an ace of spades in a game of poker. It is at this point that “The creatures outside look from pig to man and man to pig; but already it is impossible to say which is which.';

Miss Furr and Miss Skeene

â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Skeene† The study of creative works by way of exploiting diverse writing skills has contributed to the field of art becoming more fascinating, although, to some extent, mechanical and mystifying. The literal skills employed, in quite a number of cases, are in allegorical fashion in order to obscure the profound connotation of the inventive piece and reactions of the artist. Numerous artists have brought into the play the usage of such literal skills. These techniques are frequently seen in the modern day artistic works.Nevertheless, quite a good number of booklovers are exposed to complications in understanding these masterpieces. This has brought a lot of insights to the extent to which artists may explore in order to pass their ideas and themes to the rest of the society. In addition, the question on the importance of such literal styles to the rest of the people has also come up. To disentangle these, the social nature of humans play a key part sinc e it defines life factors such as contentment, indulgence and thinking.With reference to the artistic skills used to express an artist’s beliefs, the story of â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Skeene† by Gertrude Stein, highlights the triviality and intrigues associated with artists. The narration of â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Skeene† previously published in nineteen ninety two, revolves around two women who used to co-habit. This masterpiece involves the utilization of lopsided language and conventional approach to modern-day writing. The irrational reiteration of sentences in this narration puts importance on the two personalities’, Georgine Skeene and Helen Furr, connection (Stein 176).It is this verbatim elegance, replication of words, which shapes the derivation of the writer’s literal tactic. The duplication of words outlines the base of Stein’s literal tool. Repetition in this narration inclines to reveal the oblique resolutions. This is because it is useful in disengaging the approved sentiments to contraptions that are artless so as to be perceived in a different way. The sensible replication of the expression â€Å"gay† in Stein’s composition brings out the complications in comprehending the main significance of this narration. Stein tries to decipher the notion and distraction of opinion into an endless structure.At the same time, she presents her sentiments from varying platforms instantaneously. Repetition as a literal device is vital in underlining a given theory that the artiste anticipates to share with the rest of the society. With regard to Stein’s piece of work, the reiteration of the expression â€Å"gay† appears to be the essential insight as it gives ideas on the reflections and opinions of Stein (Stein 301). The repetitiveness generates an obstacle in the acknowledgement of the narration because readers acquire varying ideas about the author’s subject. Additionally, the ob scuring of the story by using â€Å"gay† reiterations makes it unexciting.The implication of â€Å"gay† attracts further questioning as it has several meanings. In the contemporary society, the expression â€Å"gay† refers to homosexuals. Nonetheless, in Stein’s composition, it ought to be studied in literal terms. In prehistoric period, the implication of this expression was wide-ranging depending on the circumstance in the play. The expression â€Å"gay† is composed of the word gai. This is a French adjective which refers to ‘joyful or pleasant’ acts. It is further related to bright, dazzling colors as demonstrated by Miss Mars’ decorated hair as well as the huge cosmetic application of both women.The rigorous exploitation of this word by replication turns out to be sensitive and erotic. On the other hand, persistent repetition of this word ends up with a dissimilar connotation as seen in the case of the amusing Mrs. and Mr. F urr and their household which ended up in misery (Stein 212). For a reader to ascertain the principal significance of the expression â€Å"gay† in Stein’s masterpiece, an intricate examination is obligatory. This calls for an additional laborious exercise so as to acquire the right information as well as interpretation. This whole process might contribute to lose of interest in Stein’s work.The solicitation of simple phrases to break down the regulations of writing is mystifying. Even so, Stein is able to reconstruct the human knowledge, an achievement that is way more amazing bearing in mind that the rejuvenation involves massive undertakings in developing conventional revelation. Related dialect in humans and theirs vital provision, which is insight and contemplation, is engrained in a desolate state of affair with, optimistic and an auspicious future to come. The regular descriptive work of Stein acts at the same time, as a limitation and a reparation charact eristically for the prolonged reflection of individuals.In addition to that, it acts as a prerequisite and forthcoming high stature for both the novelist and reader. The technique used by Stein to count on as well as direct this imagery is also mystifying. This is in line with the fact that there is no extensionality with the previous masterpiece. In addition to Stein’s notion as defined in the story, she worries with the conduction of life rather than creation of judgments. In the long run, Stein lays bare her anti-narrative expertise with witty customary clarifications where meditation is bound by an increasingly non-standard sentence organization of recounted processes (Stein 310).Putting in mind the manner in which she writes, Stein is set to bring out the essential routes of discernment and points of view with the purpose of articulating encountered circumstances, not as observed by an individual but as they noticeably transpire. The assertiveness of the author’s naturalism establishes her as an appealing individual and such charisma can be passed on as a macro-alternative and human prevailing miniature to out-of-date procedures of its representation.Consequently, her naturalism has progressed to the relentless present-day as a result of her writings on threshold of reliability with regard to the discussed subject. The author’s naturalism widens even to a greater extent to locate the advancement of the writing as the present-day process of leading life by an artist. This enables the artist to come up with the masterpiece as anticipated and make the masterpiece to reach the required standards. In this context, everything is alike apart from the period in which the composition was written as well as the duration taken to completely compose the short story.During the establishment of the masterpiece, no one thinks about the creation and insertion of the above aspects and parts in the masterpiece (Stein 356) The application of figurative language to obscure the profound meaning of a particular piece of fine art is due to a diversity of ideas that the author is apprehensive about. Artistic masterpieces that definitely exposed an artists’ emotional state have been in reality. This is since the ancient times. As a result of this, the need to cultivate fresh ideas might have been the only motivating force for artistes to endeavor in metaphorical writing.Since conventional narration was ideologically feasible and not naturally built, Stein endeavors to make clear to individuals on the nerve-wracking origin of contemplative living filled with the ecstasy of consideration as well as gazing. Furthermore, it highlights on the amiable inquest as to why we analyze things in a certain manner (Stein 3605). However, much a person expresses Stein’s masterpiece mastery, the greatness of conspiracy in the work is still delivered to the coming generation. The manifestation of sexuality in this narration is so intense th at this has sidelining of the author, Stein, for quite a few years.Through examining her own individuality, originally metaphorical and later vociferous, becomes available the proof of her definition of a feminist scrutiny in which â€Å"misperception† and â€Å"uncertainty† have an inclination of being â€Å"prosperous spots of innovation, particularly in production or about explorations on gender†. Her language routine makes Stein to be revered as a fundamental personality in the contemporary artistic world where unwary descriptions of affection, home life and natural surroundings are employed to promote wreckage and to raid the foundations of customary exposition.Stein maintains that the self-liable and self-conscious writing procedures are crucial. This is because such writing is entwined within the diligent and sociable aggravations as it â€Å"exists in a manner similar to a human being since hearing and listening is never a repetition† (Stein, 237) . Stein takes the initiative to educate individuals about the nerve-wracking fundamentals of the serious life complete with contentment in seeing as well as observing. She further enlightens individuals on the amiable perception of things in a certain way.No matter the way in which individuals demonstrate mastery of Stein’s writings, it simply dictates the passing on of their greatness. The procedure of Stein’s work creation still holds on to the progressing time. The author has managed to employ literal styles in her narration in order to get the deep thoughts of her readers. In doing so, the reader is presented with the opportunity to think critically and to view life issues from a wider perspective. Work cited Stein, Gertrude. Miss Furr and Miss Skeene. Understanding Literature. Eds. Kalaidjian, Walter, Judith Roof and Stephen Watt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 368-371 Print.

Essay about Genetic Manipulation or Genetic Engineering

Genetic manipulation, also referred to as ‘genetic engineering’ or ‘genetic modification’, is the change of an organism’s gene through the use of modern biotechnology techniques. There are various forms of genetic manipulation, including transgenic organisms, cloning, and gene therapy etc. Transgenic organisms, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are organisms that possess a foreign gene in its genome. This is achieved through recombinant DNA technology, which involves either the combining of DNA from different genomes or the insertion of foreign DNA into a genome. The production of transgenic organisms, particularly animals, is a highly controversial topic and its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed thoroughly†¦show more content†¦One such example is the transgenic salmon, whom carries a gene from another salmon that controls growth hormone production and another gene from an eel-like fish allowing them to survive in freezing conditions. This resulted in the desirable characteristic for salmon farmers as it resulted in larger and faster growing salmon that could tolerate a wider range of temperature. Scientists are currently further experimenting to produce disease-resistant plants and animals, although such practice is not yet available. Secondly, transgenic organisms aid in medical applications through xenotransplantation (transplant organs from transgenic animals) and transgenic organisms that produce nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals, such as growth hormone, anti-clotting factors for blood and insulin etc., as well as treatments for diseases like cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria (PKU). Rosie, the first transgenic cow was engineered to produce human protein-enriched milk containing the human gene alpha-lactalbumin at 2.4 grams per litre in 1997. The product is more nutritionally balanced than natural bovine milk and could be given to babies or elderlies with special nutrition al or digestive needs. Further, George and Charlie are the first cloned transgenic cows genetically altered to incorporate human gene for blood protein (serum albumin). Lastly, transgenic organisms could now be geneticallyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Genetic Engineering: The Impact of Human Manipulation1710 Words   |  7 Pagesof a reality rather than a fantasy. Nevertheless, only about twenty-five years ago, genetic engineering fell into this same, idealistic category. Although genetic engineering was once a totally impractical thought, today, it is a prominent issue around the world. The most controversial subject of genetic engineering deals with the impact that the manipulation of humans will have on the earth. The genetic engineering of humans will negatively impact the world due to the resulting social issues, religiousRead MoreGenetic Engineering Research Paper1341 Words   |  6 PagesI. 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